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Naftogaz

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Naftogaz of Ukraine (Ukrainian: НАК "Нафтогаз України", Naftogaz Ukrainy; literally "Naphtha-Gas of Ukraine") is the largest national oil and gas company of Ukraine. It is a state-owned company[3] subordinated to the Government of Ukraine.[4] The vertical-integrated company carries out a complete cycle of exploration operations and development of deposits, operating and exploratory drilling, extraction, transportation, and refinement of natural gas and crude oil, supply of natural and liquefied gas to consumers.[5]

Naftogaz of Ukraine
Native name
Нафтогаз України
Company typeNational joint-stock company
IndustryOil and gas
Founded1991; 33 years ago (1991) (Founded, as Ukrgasprom)
1998; 26 years ago (1998) (Current form)[1]
FounderMinistry of Energy
Headquarters
Kyiv
,
Ukraine
Key people
Oleksiy Chernyshov, Head of the Board
ProductsNatural gas, crude oil, condensate, petrol
ServicesPipeline transportation, oil production, gas production, municipal heating
RevenueIncrease €8.163 billion (2018)[2]
Decrease €368.41 million (2018)[2]
Total assetsDecrease €19.228 billion (2018)[2]
Total equityDecrease €13.181 billion (2018)[2]
OwnerGovernment of Ukraine
Number of employees
68,386 (2018)[2]
ParentMinistry of Energy and Coal Mining
DivisionsMining and refinery, transportation, distribution
SubsidiariesUkrGasVydobuvannya, Zakordonnaftogaz, Ukrnafta, Petrosannan Company, Carpatygaz, Chornomornaftogaz, Ukrtransgaz, Ukrtransnafta, Ukrspetstransgaz, Gaz of Ukraine, Naftogaz Trading Europe, Kirovohradgaz, Ukravtogaz, Vuhlesyntezgaz Ukraiiny, Naftogaz-Energoservice
Websitenaftogaz.com, naftogaz-europe.com

Ukraine's system of trunk natural gas pipelines and underground natural gas depots is operated by Ukrtransgaz, a subsidiary of Naftogaz.[6] As of 2009, the company had 38,200 km of high pressure gas transit pipelines and more than 30 billion cubic meters of gas storage capacity. This major gas infrastructure located between Russia and the European Union has led the company to feature prominently in regional politics. Another subsidiary of Naftogaz, Gas of Ukraine, is responsible for domestic gas distribution to the local district heating companies.[7]

Naftogaz is a major Ukrainian employer with 68,386 employees (as of 2018). The former PwC management consultant Andriy Kobolyev took over as CEO after the 2014 Ukrainian revolution tasked with reducing the country's dependence on Russian gas and reforming the company's business practices.

The group is the largest taxpayer in Ukraine. In 2018, revenues of the group consisted of ₴137 billion of taxes and dividends, which is about 15% of total revenues of the state budget.[8]

History

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1991–1998: Ukrgasprom

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After the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, oil and gas industry of Ukraine governed by Derzhnaftogasprom went through number of changes.[9] The National Commission for State Regulation of Energy (NKRE) was giving out certification for gas trading to anyone without order ignoring the Derzhnaftogasprom.[9] Guided by decisions of the First Vice-Prime Minister (on Fuel and Energy Complex) Pavlo Lazarenko, licenses were given to such companies like United Energy Systems of Ukraine (EESU), Intergas, Olgas,[10] International Trading Energy Resources Association[11] (ITERA), Ukrzakordonnaftogas, Ukrgasprom, Motor Sich, and Donetsk Oblast factories (later those formed the Industrial Union of Donbas).[9][12]

In the early 1990s, there was privatization of gas distribution regional network known as "oblgaz" belonging to "Ukrgas".[9] When Naftogas was constituted, not all privately owned distributors wanted to transfer their own stocks to the statutory fund of the National Joint Stock Company.[9] Along with the gas distribution network in the same way there were privatized enterprises of petroleum products provision including filling station and fuel repositories that belonged to "Ukrnaftoprodukt".[9] The whole petroleum products retail network had to be created by Naftogaz from zero.[9]

The predecessor of Naftogas is "Ukrgasprom".[13][9]

On 28 January 1995 after discussion with government the condition of agreements realization in provision for Ukraine gas imported from Russia and Turkmenistan, the head of "Ukrgasprom" Bohdan Kliuk was dismissed from his post on decision of the Cabinet of Ministers.[14] Bohdan Kliuk who was appointed on 6 December 1994, on 19 December 1994 signed an agreement with "Gazprom" on distribution of gas for Ukraine under disadvantageous conditions.[14] The issue with Kliuk provided Bakai with an argument to create Naftogas.[15]

1998–2014

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The company was founded in 1998 after previously being named Ukrgazprom.[1] The main initiators who created the company were Ihor Didenko and Ihor Bakai (better known as Igor Bakai).[9][16] The last one was the first deputy chairman of the Ukrainian State Committee on Oil and Gas. Before Naftogaz, both Bakai and Didenko worked for other gas trading companies "Republic Corporation" and "Intergas".[9][16]

At the end of 1990s, Ukraine was consuming a record of 75 billion m3 per year which was the fourth indicator in the world and seemed strange to say the least considering that the country was not part of the top 20 in GDP volume.[17] Eighteen billion m3 were mined inside Ukraine by Naftogas along with some joint enterprises such as "Poltavska Naftogasova Kompania", Plast, Ukrnaftogastekhnologia and others.[17] All the gas that was mined by Naftogas and received through transit in obligatory order was being sold to population and state organizations.[17] The remaining volume of natural gas, Ukraine was receiving from Russia as part of payment for transit or was buying from Turkmenistan.[17] That gas was sold to industrial enterprises or was being re-exported.[17]

Also, instead of investing more funds in geological exploration for the Ukrgasprom, its money was used to patch budget and foreign debts holes, which led to decrease in mining of hydrocarbons and decline of industry.[9] Most of oil refineries were sold out to Russian companies.[9] The only refinery that belongs to Naftogas is Shebelynsky Gas Refinery which Naftogas controls through Ukrgasvydobuvannia.[9] Ukraine never had enough mined oil resources capable to provide for oil refining capacity that Ukraine inherited from the Soviet Union.[9] Most successful in oil mining is Ukrnafta, however recently Chornomornaftogas had more and more plans to develop newly found deposits.[9]

Before 2001 Ukraine had two state enterprises in transportation of oil "Main oil pipeline "Druzhba" and "Cisdnieper main oil pipeline".[9] The pipelines were often used by Russian companies, but after Ukraine built connecting pipeline Odesa – Brody (Black Sea coast – West Ukraine) Russian companies installed an alternative pipe route Sukhodolnaya–Rodionovskaya.[9]

In 2001 several Ukrainian parliamentarians made inquiry to the Prosecutor's General Office, Tax Agency, and Security Service requesting to open a criminal case against the head of Presidential Administration Volodymyr Lytvyn, the former chairman of Naftogaz Ihor Bakai, the administration chairmen of joint-stock company "Ukrgasprom" Bohdan Kliuk, the director of state enterprise "Ukrgasprom" Illia Fik, and others.[18] Those parliamentarians were Hryhoriy Omelchenko, Anatoliy Yermak, and Viktor Shyshkin.

As of 31 December 2008, Naftogaz with its subsidiaries had a total of 172,000 employees.[19] Naftogaz received more than $6 billion of subsidies in domestic bonds from 2009 to 2012 as regulated gas prices and expensive Russian energy imports led to heavy losses.[20]

The 2009 Russia–Ukraine gas dispute was eventually settled by the 2010 Kharkiv Pact.

2014–present

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See also: Russia–Ukraine gas disputes

In August 2014, Ukrtransgaz, the operator of the Ukrainian gas transport system, along with its Slovakian counterpart "Eustream", launched natural gas supplies from Slovakia to Ukraine after signing a Memo of mutual understanding in April.[21] This initiative was driven by Russia's decision in June to cease gas supplies to Ukraine in retaliation for the country seeking closer ties with the European Union. By launching reverse flows, Ukraine claims it is seeking no concessions – only implementation of existing EU law on EU territory. The Third Energy Package was proposed by the European Commission in 2007 and adopted by the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union in July 2009. This legislation allows for gas to be traded like other commodities, thus creating a more efficient market which is theoretically less vulnerable to political pressure. In October 2014 the EU further committed to better connecting its energy grids, setting a target of member countries exporting 15% of their generation capacity by 2030.[22] The consultancy firm Strategy& (formerly Booz & Co) believes the EU could save €40bn a year by 2030 if it integrates its energy grids.[23]

Norway's energy giant Statoil began transiting gas eastwards from Slovakia in 2014,[24] and Shell began in 2015.[25]

In response to the reverse flows initiative, Russia has cut supplies to central and eastern European countries, seeking to prevent exports to Ukraine.[26] In September, Hungary stopped supplying gas to Ukraine, days after a meeting between Hungarian Prime Minister Orban and Gazprom's CEO.[27] Gazprom charges widely different prices to different European countries, which many believe is based on Russia's political goals in the region.[28]

In June 2014 Ukraine sought redress from the Stockholm Chamber of Commerce Arbitration Institute to fairly assess past debts between the two countries and to establish a fair basis of future operations.[29]

In March 2018, "Naftogaz" won a trial against Russian Gazprom for shortened gas supplies before the Arbitration Institute of the Stockholm Chamber of Commerce, and was set to receive net amount of $2.56 billion.[30]

As of 31 December 2017, Naftogaz had around 72,000 employees and annual revenue of €7.443 billion.[31] Of total revenue, €2.908 billion (39.07%) is generated from oil and gas production, €2.415 billion (32.45%) from oil and gas transit, €1.137 billion (15.28%) from oil transmission and sales and €817 million (10.98%) is generated from gas transmission and sales.[31] A total transit volume in 2017 stood at six-year maximum of 93 billion cubic meters.[31] The transit contract between the Naftogaz and Gazprom is set to expired in December 2019, after which Ukraine ceased to be the main transit country of Russian gas to the European Union countries.[32][needs update]

In April 2019, the Chinese Sinosure agreed to loan $1 billion in insurance coverage to Naftogaz.[33]

In October 2019, Naftogaz was involved in the impeachment proceedings against President Donald Trump in the US, when news broke that a group of businessmen alleged to be very close to the President and his personal lawyer, Rudy Giuliani, intervened in an attempt to change the management of Naftogaz.[34] An Associated Press report reveals how businessmen Lev Parnas, Igor Fruman and Harry Sargeant III allegedly attempted to replace Naftogaz's CEO, Andriy Kobolyev, and sought to broker a deal to sell their own natural gas to the company.[35]

In the first half of 2022, Naftogaz had a deficit of $1.6 billion and as a consequence, went into default.[36]

In October 2023, the head of Naftogaz, Oleksiy Chernyshov, said that the company does not plan to renew the contract with Russian gas company Gazprom, which ends at the end of 2024. He named the needs of European partners as the only reason why Ukraine still pumps Russian gas.[37]

Three Gas Wars

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The first war

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According to Gazprom, in February 1993, Ukraine's debt exceeded 138 billion rubles. That year Gazprom signed an agreement in Warsaw on the construction of a transit gas pipeline "Yamal–Europe pipeline" bypassing Ukraine via the territory of Poland. In August, the export of energy resources to Ukraine was first terminated for five days.

In 1994, there were stops of gas supplies and new debt repayment requirements by transferring rights to Ukrainian gas pipelines and enterprises.

In 1997, the Treaty on Friendship, Cooperation, and Partnership between Ukraine and the Russian Federation, colloqially known as the 1997 Friendship Treaty, was signed under the auspices of the United Nations in Kiev. The treaty included provisions on respecting territorial integrity, financial and economic cooperation, cultural and informational exchange, and the Black Sea Fleet. Upon going into effect, the treaty annulled the 1990 treaty between the RSFR and USFR.[38]

The second war

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Main article: 2009 Russia–Ukraine gas dispute

At the end of 2005, Gazprom, in negotiations with Ukraine on the mode of transit and gas supplies, decided to increase gas price from 50–80$ to 160–170$ per thousand m³. Ukraine refused to sign contracts for gas supply until 2006.

On January 1, 2009, gas was discontinued for Ukraine, and since January 5, Gazprom decreased its supply for European consumers.

On April 21, 2010, in Kharkiv Viktor Yanukovych and Dmitry Medvedev signed a new agreement on the cost of procurement and transit of gas through the Ukrainian GTS, linking a decrease in the price of 30% with a continuation of the Rent Agreement for Sevastopol Naval Base for 25 years, by 2042.[39]

Gazprom and Naftogaz Association

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In July 2010, Prime Minister of Ukraine Mykola Azarov said that the Government of Ukraine is negotiating the creation of a gas transportation consortium between Ukraine, the EU and Russia.[40]

On January 25, 2011 EU Energy Commissioner Günther Oettinger first stated that the allocation of funds of the EU for modernization of the Ukrainian GTS depends on the guarantees of Russia to the gas market to Europe, and advised the authorities to persuade the Russian side to refuse to build a Southern Stream gas pipeline and to finance modernization of the Ukrainian GTS. Oettinger mentioned that the total bandwidth in the 2011–2012 submarine gas pipeline with a capacity of 55 billion m³ and the projected gas pipeline "Southern Flood" with a capacity of 63 billion m³ will be 118 billion m³ and will allow Russia to supply gas to the EU without the help of Ukraine or Belarus.[41]

Structure and leadership

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As of 31 December 2017, the Naftogaz has ownership shares in the following companies:[42][31]

Production and refinery

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  • UkrGasVydobuvannya (UGV) (100%), a subsidiary
  • Zakordonnaftogaz (100%), a subsidiary
  • Ukrnafta (50% + 1), open joint-stock association
  • Petrosannan Company (50%), Egypt-based joint-stock association
  • Carpatygaz LLC (49.99%), joint-stock association

Transportation

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  • Ukrtransgaz (100%), a subsidiary
  • Ukrtransnafta (100%), open joint-stock association
  • Ukrspetstransgaz (100%), state joint-stock association

Wholesale and distribution

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  • Gaz of Ukraine
    • Gas Distribution Networks of Ukraine
  • Naftogaz Trading Europe S.A (100%), Swiss based company
  • Kirovohradgaz (100%)
  • Ukravtogaz (100%)

Subsidiary enterprises

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  • Vuhlesyntezgaz Ukraiiny (100%)
  • Naftogaz-Energoservice (100%)

Leadership

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Directors of the company since 1998:

International activities

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Ukraine now plays a vital role in both the storage and transit of gas in Europe and in improving EU energy security. Ukraine has the largest storage capacity in Europe, which enables the country and its European partners to accumulate over 30 bcm of gas during summer periods when prices are lowest. Ukraine is also a strategically placed transit hub. It has the ability to transfer gas from central Europe to South-Eastern Europe, which relies heavily on Russian gas. Naftogaz asserts it's intention to increase flow of Ukrainian gas into central and South-Eastern Europe, cutting Russian gas out of the EU market and decreasing the ability of Russia to apply political pressure to the region.

The company drills for oil in the Western Desert in Egypt. On December 13, 2006, Naftogaz and the Egyptian General Petroleum Corporation had signed an agreement on the exploration and development of oil and gas deposits on the eastern territory of Alam El Shawish East in the Western Egyptian desert.[49] In 2014 Naftogaz began natural gas extraction in Egypt. The company's oil production in Egypt estimated at 260,000 tonnes for 2014, which is more than 10% of annual production in Ukraine. A new natural gas pipeline allowing for extraction of approximately 300,000 cubic meters per day has also been launched.[50]

Corruption

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The Yanukovych government was famously despotic and corrupt.[51] Naftogaz has been seen as one of the biggest sources of corruption in Ukraine for years with many of the country's billionaires having acquired much of their wealth through gas arbitrage based on differences between the prices of Russian gas imports, gas exports to the EU and government energy subsidies to homes and businesses.[20][52][53][54]

Yevgeny Bakulin

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Yevgeny Bakulin, who was a close ally of former deputy prime minister Yuri Boiko, was appointed as the chief executive of state energy company Naftogaz in 2010 by the ousted president Viktor Yanukovich.[55] Ukrainian police detained[56] Bakulin in connection with a corruption investigation. Yevgeny Bakulin is still under three separate investigations into suspected corruption in the gas industry that has cost the Ukrainian state about $4 billion.[56] Bakulin’s arrest is related to Dmytro Firtash’s arrest in Vienna on the 13th of March, 2014, as a direct consequence of Firtash’s arrest charges filed by FBI.[57] This is due to the fact that Bakulin was an important player in the corruption scheme of Dmytro Firtash, Serhiy Lyovochkin, a Ukrainian politician – and Yuri Boiko, the former Energy Minister.[58] Bakulin is suspected of heading a "criminal group" whose members include other senior current and former Ukrainian government members.[59][60] Ukrainian police seized 42 kilograms of gold and $4.8 million in cash during a search of the apartments.[61] Ukrainian investigators charged Bakulin with the theft of $243.5m from the company in one single case. Minister of Internal Affairs Arsen Avakov in comments at the time of Bakulin's arrest accused him of complicity in the theft of over $4bn from the company during his time in office from 2010 to 2014.[62]

Ukraine’s parliament approved the stripping of immunity from prosecution from Bakulin, a lawmaker from the Opposition Bloc,[63] and to allow his arrest.[64] The Prosecutor General’s Office has charged Bakulin with the embezzlement of particularly large amounts of money while he was serving as the head of Ukraine’s state oil and gas company, Naftogaz of Ukraine, in 2010.[65] The embezzlement was part of the so-called “Boyko’s Drilling Rigs” case, when, reportedly under the supervision of the Fuel and Energy Minister at the time, Yuriy Boyko, Naftogaz purchased two oil and gas rigs for $800 million, almost a double their real price, and allegedly laundered the overpaid money – some $330 million.[66] Bakulin didn’t attend the parliament session, and despite the Rada’s approval of his arrest, he still had an opportunity to escape, as Prosecutor General Yuriy Lutsenko earlier told parliament that Bakulin was abroad now.[64]

On 25 April 2014, four weeks after he was detained, a Kyiv court released Bakulin on bail of only ₴10 million, around $1 million. He is believed to have since left the country to Russia, ostensibly for urgent medical treatment in Israel.[62]

Bakulin is currently wanted for being a subject of “Boyko’s tower” case.[67] The Swiss Federal Criminal Court has granted assistance to Ukraine in the Bakulins case. Accused of fraud, he would have cashed million dollars on Swiss bank accounts in the name of his son and daughter, Nikolay and Svetlana.[68] and Bakulin's sister Tatyana Malygina[69] to buy real estates in Germany and Austria.[69]

Bakulin’s link to Naftogaz illustrates why the continued influence of oligarchs will likely hamper the country’s drive to reform.[70]

In October 2014, George Soros named Naftogaz to be "a black hole in the budget and a major source of corruption" and called for reform of the company, which could "totally eliminate Ukraine's dependence on Russia for gas".[52] Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty produced a short documentary entitled "The Palaces of Ukraine's Oil and Gas Men" about the homes of Naftogaz management during the presidency of Viktor Yanukovych, who was overthrown in 2014.[71]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b "Перевірка". Retrieved 2 May 2016.
  2. ^ a b c d e "ANNUAL REPORT 2018" (PDF). naftogaz.com. Retrieved 13 October 2019.
  3. ^ Ukraine sets gas offer but wants no middleman, Reuters (7-1-2009)
  4. ^ "Cabinet gains control over Naftogaz". www.unian.info.
  5. ^ Laws of Ukraine. Cabinet of Ministers order No. 747: On foundation of National joint-stock company "Naftogas of Ukraine". Adopted on 1998-05-29. (Ukrainian)
  6. ^ "Natural gas transit through Ukraine down 24.8% year on year". Kyiv Post. November 16, 2009.
  7. ^ "Gaz Ukrainy demands urgent payment of debts of heat supply companies". Kyiv Post. October 14, 2009.
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  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Yeromenko, A. (23 May 2003). ""НАФТОГАЗ УКРАЇНИ": КОРОТКА ІСТОРІЯ В ПОДІЯХ ТА ОСОБАХ)" ['Naftogas of Ukraine': Brief history in events and personalities]. Mirror Weekly. Archived from the original on 2017-06-09.
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  12. ^ Oleh Lutsenko. Power {in}security of Ukraine (Енергетична (не)безпека України). The Ukrainian Week. 25 July 2011
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  14. ^ a b Ivan Gonta. Now, already former chief of "Ukrgasprom": "I am not a politician, I'm engineer..." (УЖЕ БЫВШИЙ НАЧАЛЬНИК «УКРГАЗПРОМА»: «Я НЕ ПОЛИТИК, Я ИНЖЕНЕР...»). Mirror Weekly. 3 February 1995
  15. ^ Oleg Gavrish. The Oil-and-Gas schemes of the President. Part 2. Gas (Нефтегазовые схемы Президента. Часть 2. Газ). Ukrayinska Pravda. 19 April 2005
  16. ^ a b US embassy cables: Gas supplies linked to Russian mafia. The Guardian. 10 December 2008
  17. ^ a b c d e f Havrysh, O. Oil and gas schemes of the President. Part 2. Gas (Нефтегазовые схемы Президента. Часть 2. Газ). Ukrayinska Pravda. 19 April 2005
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  22. ^ Oliver, Christian; Spiegel, Peter (24 October 2014). "EU agrees target to cut gas emissions". Financial Times.
  23. ^ "Europe needs the will to build an energy union". Financial Times. 21 October 2014.
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  27. ^ Budapest, Agence France-Presse in (September 26, 2014). "Hungary suspends gas supplies to Ukraine under pressure from Moscow". the Guardian.
  28. ^ "Gazprom's Grip: Russia's Leverage Over Europe". RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty.
  29. ^ "Ukraine's Naftogaz files lawsuit against Gazprom in Stockholm court". Reuters. 16 June 2014 – via www.reuters.com.
  30. ^ Ash, Timothy (1 March 2018). "Ukraine Scores Major Win over Russia and Gazprom". atlanticcouncil.org. Retrieved 31 March 2019.
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  32. ^ Pirani, Simon; Yafimova, Katja. "Russian Gas Transit Across Ukraine Post-2019 – pipeline scenarios, gas flow consequences, and regulatory constraints". oxfordenergy.org. Retrieved 31 March 2019.
  33. ^ Polityuk, Pavel (2 April 2019). "Ukraine's Naftogaz gets Chinese backing for $1 bln in loans and investment". reuters.com. Retrieved 3 April 2019.
  34. ^ "How a Ukrainian Gas Company Wound Up in the Middle of Trump's Impeachment Drama". Time. Retrieved 2019-11-04.
  35. ^ "Profit, not politics: Trump allies sought Ukraine gas deal". AP NEWS. 2019-10-07. Retrieved 2019-11-04.
  36. ^ "Ukrainian gas company Naftogaz first-half loss widens to $1.6 bln". Reuters. 3 November 2022.
  37. ^ ""Нафтогаз": Украина не будет продлевать договор о транзите газа РФ в Европу". Kommersant (in Russian). 2023-10-29.
  38. ^ Treaty on Friendship, Cooperation and Partnership between Ukraine and the Russian Federation (PDF), vol. UNTS 3007, Kiev: United Nations, 1997-05-31
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  40. ^ "Азаров говорит, что шутка Путина про Газпром и Нафтогаз не была шуткой". www.unian.net (in Russian). Retrieved 2021-04-20.
  41. ^ "Ъ-Газета – Европа выходит из украинского потока". 2011-01-29. Archived from the original on 2011-01-29. Retrieved 2021-04-20.
  42. ^ (in Russian) Short bio, Liga.net
  43. ^ Alla Yeriomenko. "Naftogaz Ukrayiny": Brief history in events and persons («НАФТОГАЗ УКРАЇНИ»: КОРОТКА ІСТОРІЯ В ПОДІЯХ ТА ОСОБАХ). Mirror Weekly. 23 May 2003
  44. ^ Ukraine Ready to Pay $4 Billion for Gas If Russia Cuts Price , Bloomberg News (15 May 2014)
  45. ^ (in Ukrainian) The government fired Kobolev from the post of chairman of the board of Naftogaz, Ekonomisha Pravda (28 April 2021)
  46. ^ (in Ukrainian) Cabinet appoints Vitrenko chairman of Naftogaz, Ekonomisha Pravda (28 April 2021)
  47. ^ ANASTASIA ZHARIKOVA (1 November 2022). "Cabinet of Ministers dismisses Vitrenko as chairman of Naftogaz". Ekonomichna Pravda (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 1 November 2022.
  48. ^ "Про призначення Чернишова О. М. головою правління акціонерного товариства "Національна акціонерна компанія "Нафтогаз України"" (in Ukrainian). Кабінет Міністрів України. 2022-11-03.
  49. ^ Naftogaz Ukrainy Starts Production Of Oil From Extension Well In Egypt, Ukrainian News Agency (February 24, 2009)
  50. ^ "Naftogaz extracts first 19 mcm of gas in Egypt in Sept-Oct". En.interfax.com.ua. Retrieved 2022-06-06.
  51. ^ Lally, Kathy (2014-03-24). "Loss of Crimea is only one problem for Kiev". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2022-06-06.
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  55. ^ "News Article – Center for Security Studies | ETH Zurich". Css.ethz.ch. 2016-06-16. Retrieved 2022-06-06.
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  62. ^ a b "Ukraine's battle with Yanukovych corruption legacy moves hesitantly forward". 19 September 2014.
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  65. ^ "Rada strips MP Bakulin of immunity, authorizes his detention". 15 March 2018.
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  69. ^ a b "Karibik-Millionen: Wie eine Russin die ehemalige Kärntner Hypo-Zentrale kaufte". 14 April 2022.
  70. ^ "Whither Ukraine's Revolution? - FPIF". 17 December 2014.
  71. ^ "Revealed: The Palaces Of Ukraine's Oil And Gas Men". 24 October 2014 – via www.rferl.org.
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