The Nagarathar or Nattukottai Nagarathar (also known as Nattukottai Chettiar) is a Tamil caste found native in Tamil Nadu, India. Nagarathars are a mercantile community who are traditionally involved in commerce, banking and money lending.[2] They use the title Chettiar and are traditionally concentrated in modern region Chettinad.[3] They are prominent philanthropist who funded and built several Hindu temples, Choultries, schools, colleges and universities.[4]
நாட்டுக்கோட்டை நகரத்தார் | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Total population | |
| c. 75,000-1,00,000[1] | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
| India: Chettinad region of Tamil Nadu, Chennai | |
| Languages | |
| Tamil, Telugu | |
| Religion | |
| Hinduism | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Tamil people |
Etymology
editThe term Nagarathar literally means "town-dweller".[5] Their title, Chettiar, is a generic term used by several mercantile groups which is derived from the ancient Tamil term etti (bestowed on merchants by the Tamil monarchs).[6]
Nagarathars are also known as Nattukottai Chettiar.[7] The term Nattukottai literally means "country-fort" in reference to their fort-like mansions.[5]
History
editNattukottai Nagarathars were originally from Naganadu. This ancient land Naganadu is believed to be destroyed (either in an earthquake or floods) and this place was either North or North West of Kanchipuram.
In Northern South India it's called Nagartha. Nagaratha live in the southern Karnataka districts of Mysore, Bangalore, Kolar, and Tumkur and in northern Tamil Nadu. The caste contains two main divisions, Vaishnavas or Namadhari Nagarthas and Saiva or Lingadhari Nagarthas.[8]
Nagarathars migrated and lived in the following places:
· Kanchipuram (Thondai Nadu) – From 2897 BC for about 2100 years
· Kaveripoompatinam (Poompuhar), the capital of the early (Chola Kingdom) – From 789 BC for about 1400 years.
· Karaikudi (Pandiya Kingdom) – From 707 AD onwards.
When they were in Naganadu these Dhana Vaishyas had three different divisions:
1. Aaru (Six) Vazhiyar
2. Ezhu (Seven) Vazhiyar
3. Nangu (Four) Vazhiyar
All these three divisions were devoted to Emerald Ganesha (மரகத விநாயகர்). Only after they migrated to the Pandya Kingdom they were called as Ariyurar, Ilayatrangudiyar, and Sundrapattanathar.
Nagarathars of Ilayatrangudiyar were later called as Nattukottai Nagarathar. Ariyurar Nagarathars further split into 3 divisions: Vadakku Valavu, Therku Valavu and Elur Chetty (Nagercoil). Sundrapattanathar Nagarathars migrated to Kollam district in Kerala and their history is completely lost now since there was no record keeping.[9]
The Nagarathar or Nattukkottai Chettiar were originally salt traders and historically an itinerant community of merchants and claim Chettinad as their traditional home.[10] How they reached that place, which at the time comprised adjacent parts of the ancient states of Pudukkottai, Ramnad and Sivagangai, is uncertain, with various communal legends being recorded. There are various claims regarding how they arrived in that area.[11] Among those are a fairly recently recorded claim that they were driven there because of persecution by a Chola king[who?]. No more details are forthcoming about this story and as to why the Nagarathar left the Chola kingdom and moved away from Kaveripoompattinam to the Pandiya kingdom.
Another older one, recounted to Edgar Thurston, that they were encouraged to go there by a Pandyan king who wanted to take advantage of their trading skills. The legends converge in saying that they obtained the use of nine temples, with each representing one exogamous part of the community.[11]
The traditional base of the Nattukottai Nagarathars is the Chettinad region of the present-day state of Tamil Nadu. It comprises a triangular area around north-east Sivagangai, north-west Ramnad and south Pudukkottai.
They may have become maritime traders as far back as the 8th century CE. They were trading in salt and by the 17th century, European expansionism in South East Asia during the next century fostered conditions that enabled the community to expand its trading enterprises, including as moneylenders, thereafter.[2][11] By the late 18th century expanded them to inland and coastal trade in cotton and rice.[10]
In the 19th century, following the Permanent Settlement, some in the Nagarathar community wielded considerable influence in the affairs of the zamindar (landowners) elite. There had traditionally been a relationship between royalty and the community based on the premise that providing worthy service to royalty would result in the granting of high honours but this changed as the landowners increasingly needed to borrow money from the community in order to fight legal battles designed to retain their property and powers. Nagarathars provided that money as mortgaged loans but by the middle of the century they were becoming far less tolerant of any defaults and were insisting that failure to pay as arranged would result in the mortgaged properties being forfeited.[12] By the 19th century were their business activities developed into a sophisticated banking system, with their business expanding to parts of Southeast Asian countries such as Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia and China.[citation needed]
Varna Classification
editIn the absence of a proper Chaturvarna (four-fold varna) system in South India, the Nattukottai Nagarathars (also known as Chettiars) have been classified as high-class Vaishyas (merchant caste) due to their extensive involvement in trade, finance, and banking activities.[13] Their economic prominence and wealth elevated their social status, and they were often considered above Brahmins in certain contexts.[14]
The Nattukottai Nagarathars hold a unique position in Tamil society. One significant marker of their elevated status is their practice of wearing the sacred thread (Poonul), a ritual symbol typically associated with the twice-born varnas (Brahmin, Kshatriya, and Vaishya).[15][16] This practice underscores their assertion of high Vaishya status and distinguishes them from other communities.[17]
In addition to their economic prominence, the Nattukottai Nagarathars have been renowned for their philanthropic contributions to religious and social causes. They donated generously to the construction, renovation, and maintenance of numerous Shiva and Vishnu temples across Tamil Nadu and other regions, leaving a lasting legacy in the religious and cultural heritage of South India.[18][19] This charitable tradition further elevated their social standing and cemented their role as patrons of South Indian religious institutions.
Furthermore, some Nattukottai Chettiars ascended to kingship through their wealth and influence. Although kings are traditionally associated with the Kshatriya varna in the chaturvarna system, the Chettiars' rise to power was based on their economic achievements rather than hereditary lineage.[20]
Religious influence
editThe nine temples connected with the Nagarathar community include: Ilayathakudi, Iluppaikkudi, Iraniyur, Mathur, Nemam, Pillayarpatti,[21] Soorakudi, Vairavanpatti, and Velangudi.[22]
Nagarathars also celebrate Pillaiyar Nonbu, which starts twenty-one days after Thirukarthigai, the last day of Karthigai Deepam.[23][24][25]
Cuisine
editFamous personalities
edit- Pattinathar,[26] a philosopher and ascetic who belonged to the 10th or 14th century CE
- Karaikkal Ammaiyar,[27] a Saivite saint and one of the 63 Nayanmars
- Raja 'Sir' Annamalai Chettiar, Raja of Chettinad[28]
- Alagappa Chettiar, businessman and philanthropist
- A. C. Muthiah, Indian industrialist[29]
- Kavingar Kannadasan, famous poet and cinema lyricist
- Kavingar Kanavudasan, famous poet
- Thyagarajan Chettiar, businessman
See also
editReferences
edit
- ^ Muthiah, S. (14 December 2013). "Nagarathars in North America". The Hindu.
- ^ a b Haellquist (21 August 2013). Asian Trade Routes. Routledge. p. 150. ISBN 9781136100741.
- ^ Agesthialingom, Shanmugam; Karunakaran, K. (1980). Sociolinguistics and Dialectology: Seminar Papers. Annamalai Univ. p. 417.
- ^ Ramaswami, N. S. (1988). Parrys 200: A Saga of Resilience. Affiliated East-West Press. p. 193. ISBN 9788185095745.
- ^ a b Contributions to Indian Sociology. Vol. 36. Contributions to Indian Sociology: Occasional Studies: Mouton. 2002. p. 344.
- ^ West Rudner, David (1987). "Religious Gifting and Inland Commerce in Seventeenth-Century South India". The Journal of Asian Studies. 46 (2). p. 376. doi:10.2307/2056019. JSTOR 2056019. S2CID 162764761.
- ^ a b Indian & Foreign Review. Publications Division of the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India. 1986. p. 48.
- ^ Iyer, LK (1928). The Mysore, Tribes and Castes. Mittal Publications. p. 403. ISBN 9780836425352.
- ^ Pattu Veshti Ramanathan, Chettiar (2015). Analytical History of Nagarathar(நகரத்தார்களின் பகுத்தாய்ந்த வரலாறு). Sivakasi: Surya Print Solutions.
- ^ a b Chaudhary, Latika; Gupta, Bishnupriya; Roy, Tirthankar; Swamy, Anand V. (20 August 2015). A New Economic History of Colonial India. Routledge. ISBN 9781317674320.
- ^ a b c Pamela G. Price (14 March 1996). Kingship and Political Practice in Colonial India. Cambridge University Press. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-521-55247-9.
- ^ Pamela G. Price (14 March 1996). Kingship and Political Practice in Colonial India. Cambridge University Press. pp. 103–104. ISBN 978-0-521-55247-9.
- ^ Chandrasekhar, Sripati (1980). The Nagarathars of South India: An Essay and a Bibliography on the Nagarathars in India and South-East Asia. New York: Macmillan. p. 22.
- ^ Bayly, Susan (1989). "Saints, Goddesses and Kings: Muslims and Christians in South Indian Society, 1700–1900". Cambridge University Press. 1: 317–318. ISBN 9780521267273.
{{cite journal}}: Check|isbn=value: checksum (help) - ^ Bayly, Susan (1989). Saints, Goddesses and Kings: Muslims and Christians in South Indian Society, 1700–1900. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 319. ISBN 9780521267273.
{{cite book}}: Check|isbn=value: checksum (help): "The Nagarathars are one of the few Tamil merchant groups to wear the sacred thread, marking their claim to Vaishya status." - ^ Hardgrave, Robert (1969). The Nadars of Tamilnad: The Political Culture of a Community in Change. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 37. ISBN 9780520016767.: "The Chettiars and Vellalars were among the few non-Brahmin castes in Tamil Nadu who adopted the sacred thread as a symbol of status."
- ^ Fuller, C. J. (1999). Brahmins and Non-Brahmins: Genealogies of the Tamil Political Present. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 53. ISBN 9780226268676.
{{cite book}}: Check|isbn=value: checksum (help) - ^ Ramaswamy, Vijaya (2007). Historical Dictionary of the Tamils. Lanham: Scarecrow Press. p. 146. ISBN 9780810864479.
{{cite book}}: Check|isbn=value: checksum (help): "The Chettiars donated vast sums for the construction of temples dedicated to Shiva and Vishnu, with their wealth leaving a religious legacy." - ^ Raman, K. R. (2010). The Temple Town Economy in South India. London: Routledge. p. 68. ISBN 9780415544597.: "The Nagarathars funded several iconic temples, especially in Tamil Nadu, as a mark of their religious devotion and status."
- ^ Ramaswamy, Vijaya (2007). Historical Dictionary of the Tamils. Lanham: Scarecrow Press. p. 145. ISBN 9780810864479.
{{cite book}}: Check|isbn=value: checksum (help) - ^ Aline Dobbie (2006). India: The Elephant's Blessing. Melrose Books. p. 101. ISBN 1-905226-85-3.
- ^ "Chettinad's legacy". Frontline. 20 November 2018. Retrieved 27 December 2018.
- ^ "தொன்மையும், பழமையும் நிறைந்த பிள்ளையார் நோன்பு". Maalaimalar (in Tamil). Archived from the original on 30 January 2022. Retrieved 30 January 2022.
- ^ "களங்கம் போக்கும், கவலைகள் தீர்க்கும் பிள்ளையார் நோன்பு!". Ananda Vikatan (in Tamil). Archived from the original on 30 January 2022. Retrieved 30 January 2022.
- ^ "பொருள் வரவை பெருக்கும் பிள்ளையார் நோன்பு". Maalaimalar (in Tamil). Archived from the original on 30 January 2022. Retrieved 20 April 2018.
- ^ Krishnaswami Nagarajan. Rajah Sir Annamalai Chettiar. Annamalai University, 1985. p. 7.
- ^ India. Office of the Registrar General. Census of India, 1961, Volume 25, Part 6. Manager of Publications, 1969. p. 136.
- ^ Jagran Josh. Current Affairs December 2015 eBook: by Jagran Josh. Jagran Josh. p. 301.
- ^ Vijaya Ramaswamy, Jawaharlal Nehru University. Historical Dictionary of the Tamils. Rowman & Littlefield, 2017. p. 98.
Resources
edit- Rajeswary Brown. (1993). Chettiar capital and Southeast Asian credit networks in the inter-war period. In G. Austin and K. Sugihara, eds. Local Suppliers of Credit in the Third World, 1750-1960. New York: St. Martin's Press.
- David Rudner. (1989). "Banker's Trust and the culture of banking among the Nattukottai Chettiars of colonial South India". Modern Asian Studies 23(3), 417–458.
- David West Rudner (1994). Caste and Capitalism in Colonial India: The Nattukottai Chettiars. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-08350-9.
- Heiko Schrader. (1996). "Chettiar finance in Colonial Asia". Zeitschrift fur Ethnologie 121, 101–126.
- Yūko Nishimura (1998). Gender, Kinship And Property Rights: Nagarattar Womanhood in South India. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-564273-5.