The article's lead section may need to be rewritten. (February 2020) |
Bones are the skeleton of our bodies. They allow us the ability to move and lift our body up against gravity. Bones are attachment points for muscles that help us to do many activities such as walking, jumping, kneeling, grasping, etc. Bones also protect organs from injury. Moreover, bone is responsible for blood cell production in a humans body. The mechanical properties of bone greatly influence the functionality of bone. For instance, deterioration in bone ductility due to diseases such as osteoporosis can adversely affect individuals’ life. Bone ductility can show how much energy bone absorbs before fracture. In bone, the origin ductility is at the nanoscale. The nano interfaces in Bone are the interface between individual collagen fibrils. The interface is filled with non-collagenous proteins, mainly osteopontin (OPN) and osteocalcin (OC).[1] The osteopontin and osteocalcin form a sandwich structure with HAP minerals at nano-scale. The nano Interfaces are less than 2 – 3 % of bone content by weight, while they add more than 30% of the fracture toughness .[2][3]
Deformation mechanisms in nano interfaces
editThe current knowledge of the structure and deformation mechanisms in nano-interfaces is limited.[4] For the first time, a study[5] unravel the complex synergic deformation mechanism in the nano-interfaces in bone. A synergistic deformation mechanism of the proteins through strong anchoring and formation of dynamic binding sites on mineral nano-platelets were seen. The nano-interface can sustain a ductility approaching 5000% and outstanding specific energy to failure that is several times larger than the most known tough natural materials such as spider silk.
References
edit- ^ Morsali, Reza (2019). "Deformation Mechanisms of "Two-Part" Natural Adhesive in Bone Interfibrillar Nano-Interfaces". ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng. 5 (11): 5916–5924. doi:10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b00588. PMID 33405682.
- ^ Barthelat, F. (2016). "Structure and mechanics of interfaces in biological materials". Nat. Rev. Mater. 1 (4): 16007. Bibcode:2016NatRM...116007B. doi:10.1038/natrevmats.2016.7.
- ^ Minary-Jolandan, M. (2009). "Nanomechanical Heterogeneity in the Gap and Overlap Regions of Type I Collagen Fibrils with Implications for Bone Heterogeneity". Biomacromolecules. 10 (9): 2565–2570. doi:10.1021/bm900519v. PMID 19694448.
- ^ Gupta, H. (2007). "Evidence for an elementary process in bone plasticity with an activation enthalpy of 1 eV". J. R. Soc. Interface. 4 (13): 277–282. doi:10.1098/rsif.2006.0172. PMC 2220070. PMID 17251154.
- ^ Morsali, Reza (2019). "Deformation Mechanisms of "Two-Part" Natural Adhesive in Bone Interfibrillar Nano-Interfaces". ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng. 5 (11): 5916–5924. doi:10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b00588. PMID 33405682.