Nathamuni, also known as Sri Ranganathamuni, (823 CE – 951 CE), was a Vaishnava theologian who collected and compiled the Naalayira Divya Prabandham.[1][2] Considered the first of the Sri Vaishnava acharyas,[2][3] Nathamuni is also the author of the Yogarahasya,[4] and the Nyayatattva.[2][3]
| Nathamuni | |
|---|---|
 Nathamuni and Sri Aalavandar in Kattumannarkoil | |
| Venerated in | Sri Vaishnavism |
| Texts | Naalayira Divya Prabandham |
| Region | Tamilakam |
Biography
editEarly life
editNathamuni is generally considered to have been born in 823 CE and to have died in 951 CE. His birth name was Aranganathan; however, he was known as Nathamuni, which literally means Saint-lord (Nathan - lord, muni - saint).[3][5][6] An alternative view is that he was born in 582 CE and died in 922 CE.[7] Yet another view is that Nathamuni was born at Viranarayana Puram sometime shortly after 907 CE and flourished in the 10th century.[8] The traditional view that he lived for more than 400 years is untenable. It is likely that Nathamuni lived for slightly over a hundred years in that region controlled by the Chola kings before they rose to the peak of their greatness.[9] His birth star was Anusham.[10]
Though there is difficulty in identifying Nathamuni's date of birth and age, he is considered to have lived during the lifetime of Madhurakavi Alvar's parampara (lineage).[1] According to Sri Vaishnava tradition, Nathamuni was conversing with his father about the legend of Prabandhams written by the Alvars. His father, Ishvara Bhattar, exclaimed the Prabandhams were long lost, and that they would be impossible to retrieve unless one had the grace of Narayana. Hence, he got interested in this and had set to the pilgrimage to the Kumbakonam Sarangapani Temple, where Vishnu is worshipped under the epithet of Aravamudhan. There, he heard priests singing 10 particular pasurams (hymns) dedicated to Aravamudhan (Sarangapani temple's main deity) by the saint Nammalvar. He was overjoyed hearing those and enquired its details. But the priests stated that only 10 pasurams was known to them out of 1,292 written by Nammalvar. He placed immense faith on the deity Aravamudhan and he visited Thirukurgur, birth place of Nammalvar. He enquired about the Prabandhams written by Nammalvar to Madhurakavi's direct descendants who lived at Thirukurgur. There, the descendants of Madhurakavi gave 10 pasurams written by Madhurakavi by the name of Kanninun Cirutampu. They also informed Nathamuni that whoever sings these 10 pasurams with dedication would meet Nammalvar himself at the shrine in the city. He kept full faith in Nammalvar and started singing the pasurams with dedication under the tamarind tree under which Nammalvar himself is believed to have sat during his lifetime. Once he completed the count 12,000 times, the deity Aravamudhan sent Vishvaksena, the commander of Vishnu's armies, to bless Nathamuni again as Nammalvar (Nammalvar is believed to be the avatar of Vishvaksena). Thus, Nammalvar himself came in front of Nathamuni and granted him all the 4,000 pasurams of all the Alvars, instead of just 1,292 written by him. He joyously returned and expressed his gratitude to Aravamudhan and Nammalvar profusely. Nathamuni, thus, is regarded to have revived the Naalayira Divya Prabandham, hence becoming the first acharya of the Sri Vaishnava tradition. Nathamuni is considered to be an incarnation of a nityasuri in Vaikuntha, named Gajananar. His grand disciple is Ramanuja himself, who is considered as an incarnation of Adishesha.
The relationship between Nammalvar and Nathamuni is attested by the Guru-paramparā, Divya sūri charita, and Prappannāmŗta.[1] The Prappannāmŗta also attests that Nathamuni was born in the village Viranarayana.[1] Viranarayana is today generally identified as Kattumannarkoil.[8][11] Nathamuni is said to have died at Gangaikonda Cholapuram.[12] His father's name was Iśvara Bhaṭṭa and his son's name was Iśvaramuni.[1] His grandson was Yamunacharya[3] who was probably named in commemoration of a pilgrimage that Nathamuni took to the banks of the Yamuna along with his son (Iśvara Muni) and daughter-in-law.[9]
It is believed that his other names were Sadamarsana Kula Tilakar, Sottai Kulaththu Arasar, and Ranganatha Acharya.[9]
Compilation of the Naalayira Divya Prabandham
edit
He spent time travelling in North India.[1] He learned about the Naalayira Divya Prabandham, but he heard only ten hymns. He wanted the rest. He recited 12,000 times, Kanninun Siruthambu, a poem in praise of Nammalvar. Nammalvar appeared and gave the 4000 hymns (Naalayira Divya Prabandham). He was the one who brought back the 4000 hymns. In addition to teaching the hymns to his two nephews at Srirangam, he introduced them into the Srirangam temple service at the Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam, where he was the temple administrator.[13]
The story goes that Nathamuni, while at the Vishnu temple at Kattumannar Koil his native place, heard some Brahmins from the Southern end of the Peninsula recite Tamil verses of Satakopa addressed to the Vishnu God of Kumbhakonam and was charmed with their sense and diction. He also found that these verses concluded with the words "These 10 out of the thousand, composed by Satakopa". Nathamuni thus placed in the track of research seems to have finally recovered the whole of Satakopa's works and then rearranged them and the extant works of the other Alwars into four collections of about a thousand stanzas each.[9]
Other contributions
editThe ritual of worship as followed in Vishnu temples is based on two early standard works. The first being Vaikhanasa Sutra which probably belongs to the Krishna Yajurveda school [citation needed]. The other is the Panchratra Agama which belongs to the extensive Tantra literature, believed to have been composed by Narayana himself [citation needed]. The Agama has a peculiar philosophy of its own, the Bhagavata Tradition, which is ancient and is referred to in the Mahabharata and Brahma Sutras of Badarayana. Nathamuni made a provision for the recitation of the Tamil Veda on appropriate occasions during the main festivals of Vishnu.[9] He is thought to be the originator of the Araiyar Sevai.[14]
Legend
editThe court dancer
editNammalvar's songs are sung to this day at Srirangam and other places of where Vishnu is worshipped. Nathamuni is said to have set them into music after his discovery of these verses. During that period, a dancing girl sang songs in the same celestial tune (in which Nathamuni set the prabandhams into music) at the court of the Chola king in Gangaikondacholapuram. The tune was rare and could not be appreciated by the common folk and hence the king slighted the dancer. The dancer travelled to the Veeranarayanapuram Vishnu temple and sang before God in the same celestial tune. This was appreciated by Nathamuni who understood the nuances of the tune. On hearing that Nathamuni himself had appreciated the dancer's singing, the king visited the temple and enquired why Nathamuni had appreciated that unfamiliar tune. To display his expertise, Nathamuni ordered several cymbals to be sounded and determined the weight of the cymbals from the pitch of the sound that they produced. This impressed the king and he accepted the superiority of the celestial tune.
There is an inconsistency in this anecdote. During the time of Nathamuni (late 9th century), Uraiyur was the capital of the Chola kings, and Gangaikonda Cholapuram had not been founded yet. However, it is possible that the site of the city was used as an alternative capital or had a palace that was frequented by the kings.[9]
Uyyakondar and his disciple Pundarikaksha
editOne of Nathamuni's most illustrious disciples was Pundarikaksha, who hasn't left any literary work behind him. It is believed that Nathamuni had a vision where he foresaw the birth of his grandson Yamunacharya and deputed Pundarikaksha to be his spiritual guru (who in turn deputed his disciple Ramamisra to guide Yamunacharya).
It is said that Nathamuni once asked Pundarikaksha to escort his wife Aravindappavai to the residence of her father Vangi-purathachi. On reaching the house of Vangi-purathachi he was served stale food, as he was from an inferior caste among the Brahmins (Choliah). Yet, he did not resent the apparent slight and indignity, but rather accepted it cheerfully. When Nathamuni heard of this incident, he reckoned that it was a mark of high spiritual advancement and called him by the name of Uyyakondar - saviour of the new dispensation.[9]
References
edit- ^ a b c d e f Dasgupta, S. N. (1991). A History of Indian Philosophy. Vol. 3. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 94–96. ISBN 9788120804142.
- ^ a b c Srinivasa Chari, S. M. (1994). Vaiṣṇavism, p.22-24. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. ISBN 8120810988 [1]
- ^ a b c d Kallidaikurichi Aiyah Nilakanta Sastri (1964). The culture and history of the Tamils, p.149
- ^ Desikachar, T.K.V. (2010). The Heart of Yoga: Developing a Personal Practice, p.231. Inner Traditions, Bear & Co. ISBN 1594778922 [2]
- ^ Padmaja, T. (2002). Temples of Kr̥ṣṇa in South India: History, Art, and Traditions in Tamil Nadu. Abhinav Publications. ISBN 8170173981 [3]
- ^ Subrahmanian, N., Hikosaka, S., Samuel, John G., & Thiagarajan P. (1998). Tamil social history, Volume 2, p.342. Institute of Asian Studies.
- ^ Aiyangar, Sakkottai Krishnaswami (1911). Ancient India: Collected Essays on the Literary and Political History of Southern India, p.409, 413. Asian Educational Services. ISBN 8120618505 [4]
- ^ a b Neevel, Walter G. (1977). Yāmuna's Vedānta and Pāñcarātra: Integrating the Classical and the Popular, p.15. Issue 10 of Harvard theological review. Harvard dissertations in religion. Scholars Press. ISBN 0891301364
- ^ a b c d e f g Chariar, T Rajagopala (23 June 2016). The Vaishnavite reformers of India: Critical sketches of their lives and writings. FB&C Limited. ISBN 9781332877256.
- ^ Rajagopal, Geetha. Music rituals in the temples of South India, Volume 1. D. K. Printworld, 2009 - Religion. p. 57.
- ^ Jagadeesan, N. (1989). Collected Papers on Tamil Vaishnavism, p.126. Ennes Publications.
- ^ Es Vaiyāpurip Piḷḷai (1956). History of Tamil language and literature: beginning to 1000 AD, p.130. New Century Book House
- ^ "First Preceptor". The Hindu. 28 September 2007. Archived from the original on 20 August 2008. Retrieved 23 April 2008.
- ^ "Rare event: Srinivasarangachariar performing Araiyar Sevai at Sri Mahalakshmi Temple, Besant Nagar". The Hindu. 26 October 2007. Archived from the original on 28 October 2007. Retrieved 23 April 2008.
Further reading
edit- Bartley, C. J. (2002). The theology of Ramanuja: realism and religion. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7007-1459-9.
- Flood, Gavin (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 132–136. ISBN 0-521-43304-5.