Native Island is off the east coast of Halfmoon Bay, Stewart Island, New Zealand. It is north east of Ulva Island in the northern mouth of Paterson Inlet.[2] It is separated from Stewart Island by a narrow channel 50 metres (160 ft) in width. There has been evidence of small and temporary past Māori settlements on the island.[3][4] Multiple Māori relics have been found, including bone fish hooks, axes, and chisels.[3] Native Island is part of the Ulva Island-Te Wharawhara Marine Reserve, which is on the south part of Native Island.[5]
 | |
| Geography | |
|---|---|
| Location | Paterson Inlet, Stewart Island |
| Coordinates | 46°54′55″S 168°09′10″E / 46.91528°S 168.15278°E |
| Area | 29,575.19[1] km2 (11,419.04 sq mi) |
| Length | 1.0 km (0.62 mi) |
| Width | 0.7 km (0.43 mi) |
| Administration | |
New Zealand | |
| Region | Southland |
| Demographics | |
| Population | uninhabited |
History
editIn the early 19th century, there were Māori battles fought on Native Island.[6] The island was deserted in the 1840s after visiting ships brought measles, triggering a deadly epidemic.[7] Survivors held a korero and agreed to set fire to their homes before leaving the island.[7]
In the Antarctic Southern Cross Expedition in 1898–1900, 92 huskies, Samoyeds and Greenland Esquimaux dogs were held in Native Island (with government reluctance) for temporary quarantine and examination.[8][9][10][11] Due to quarantine regulations, most of the dogs were killed, but a few were kept under permission from MP Joseph Ward on the premise that they could be used for a future expedition.[12][13][14] Nine descendants of these dogs were used in Ernest Shackleton's 1907–1909 Nimrod Expedition.[10][15]
In 1927 a large piece of ambergris was found on the island.[16] The following year, the whaler C. A. Larsen, a Norwegian factory ship, was towed and beached near Native Island after it went aground at Whero Rock.[7] The ship's tanks leaked 2,000 tons of whale oil into the sea, causing long-term damage to the shell beds off Ringaringa Beach on Stewart Island.[7]
In 1944 it was reported that there were rabbits in Native Island after being released in Stewart Island a year prior. The rabbits were described like a pest—eating exposed roots of trees;[17] there were also goats, but it has been reported that neither now inhabit the island.[18] In 2013 the Department of Conservation started a rat-trap test on Native Island, planting around 140 self-setting Goodnature A24 traps which were checked every 4 to 5 weeks in order to control the island's ship and Norway rat populations. A year later, sniffer dogs could not detect any rats on the island.[15][19]
In 2021 it was considered to put a wind farm on Native Island, but this was ultimately scrapped due to the difficulty of making the transmission route, anticipated lack of wind, that half of the island is a national park, and cultural value that is associated with Native Island.[20]
Flora and fauna
editFossils of South Island giant moa have been found on Native Island.[21] Rhytida australis snails are common,[22] and Native Island also has Tuatara.[23]
According to nature writer Sheila Natusch, sand-fixing plant life on the island includes coprosma, muehlenbeckia, golden sand sedge (pikao), and pink-flowered convolvulus.[24]
References
edit- ^ "ArcGIS Web Application".
- ^ "Place name detail: 32141". New Zealand Gazetteer. New Zealand Geographic Board. Retrieved 29 August 2023.
- ^ a b "WHAT TO SEE". paperspast.natlib.govt.nz. 28 December 1932. Retrieved 29 August 2023.
- ^ Cushing, C.E. (1 January 1970). RADIATION ECOLOGY IN FRESHWATER COMMUNITIES (Report). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI). doi:10.2172/4021286.
- ^ "Ulva Island-Te Wharawhara Marine Reserve report card brochure" (PDF). Department of Conservation. Retrieved 29 August 2023.
- ^ "OUR SOUTHERNMOST TOURIST RESORT". paperspast.natlib.govt.nz. 20 December 1902. Retrieved 29 August 2023.
- ^ a b c d Sansom, Olga (1982). In the Grip of an Island: Early Stewart Island History. Invercargill: Craigs. pp. 142, 71. ISBN 0908629001.
- ^ "CURRENT TOPICS". paperspast.natlib.govt.nz. 6 April 1900. Retrieved 29 August 2023.
- ^ "NEWS OF THE DAY". paperspast.natlib.govt.nz. 14 April 1900. Retrieved 29 August 2023.
- ^ a b "Sites of shared Antarctic and NZ significance | NZHistory, New Zealand history online". nzhistory.govt.nz. Retrieved 29 August 2023.
Anglo-Norwegian polar explorer Carsten Egeberg Borchgrevink (1864 –1934), released his Siberian sled dogs on Native Island on the return voyage of his 1899–1900 expedition. In preparation for his 1907–1909 expedition, Ernest Shackleton purchased from a breeder in Stewart Island nine sled dogs descended from those released by Borchgrevink seven years earlier.
- ^ "Canine explorers on ice". paperspast.natlib.govt.nz. 1 November 1985. Retrieved 29 August 2023.
- ^ "Antarctic Transport Over 70 Years". paperspast.natlib.govt.nz. 2 May 1970. Retrieved 29 August 2023.
- ^ "Giant husky among Antarctic greats". paperspast.natlib.govt.nz. Retrieved 29 August 2023.
- ^ Southland supplied expedition dogs. Southland Times. December 2021.
- ^ a b Nicoll, Dave (29 March 2015). "DOC trap trial proves successful". Stuff. Retrieved 29 August 2023.
- ^ "LOCAL & GENERAL". paperspast.natlib.govt.nz. 10 November 1927. Retrieved 29 August 2023.
- ^ "NEWS OF THE DAY". paperspast.natlib.govt.nz. 18 October 1944. Retrieved 29 August 2023.
- ^ Usher, George A. (3 September 2009). "Flora and Fauna on Stewart Island, New Zealand". Oryx. 2 (3): 181–186. doi:10.1017/s003060530003622x. ISSN 0030-6053. S2CID 84476601.
- ^ "Self-setting traps controlling island rats". www.doc.govt.nz. Retrieved 29 August 2023.
- ^ "Stewart Island Wind Power – Final pre-development report". mbie.govt.nz. Retrieved 29 August 2023.
- ^ Verry, Alexander; Schmidt, Matthew; Rawlence, Nicolas (31 January 2021). "A partial skeleton provides evidence for the former occurrence of moa populations on Rakiura Stewart Island". New Zealand Journal of Ecology. doi:10.20417/nzjecol.46.8. ISSN 0110-6465. S2CID 244026692.
- ^ "Distribution and status of native carnivorous land snails in the genera Wainuia and Rh" (PDF). Retrieved 29 August 2023.
- ^ "HIGH VALUE AREAS ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT REPORT" (PDF).
- ^ Natusch, Sheila (1987). "One Foot at Sea, One on Shore: Foveaux Strait and Paterson Inlet". The Past Today: Historic Places in New Zealand. Auckland: New Zealand Historic Places Trust. p. 46. ISBN 0864790015.