In the political language of Russia, the near abroad (Russian: ближнее зарубежье, romanized: blizhneye zarubezhye) refers to the post-Soviet states (other than Russia itself) which became independent after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. American journalist and political commentator William Safire describes the term as the "most significant diplomatic coinage since the popularization of detente" that entered into the English language in early 1992.[1]
Origin of the term
editIt was noted that the Russian foreign minister Andrei Kozyrev used the term in the early 1990s, referring to Central and Eastern Europe.[2] However, the usage of the expression is attested before Kozyrev became minister, giving translators a hard time.[1] Early attempts to translate the Russian term include "the concept of 'abroad close at hand'", "nearby foreign lands", and "countries not far abroad".[1] As a result of the acceptance of the term "near abroad", the word "abroad" has acquired the function of a noun in English.[1]
Christian Caryl noted that a Russian historian, Ivan Ivanovich, told him in 1991 that originally the term had an ironic gist, as a distinction from the "true" abroad.[1] William Safire also mentions an opinion that the term was widely used by Soviet dissidents in the 1970s–1980s as an ironic reference to the "socialist comrades", i.e., the members of the Eastern Bloc.[1]
Political meaning
edit"Near abroad" became more widely used in English, usually to assert Russia's right to have a major influence on the region,[1][3][4] Russian President Vladimir Putin has declared the region Russia's "sphere of influence", and strategically vital for Russia.[4] The concept has been compared to the Monroe Doctrine.[1]
In his lengthy essay The End of the Near Abroad, Thomas de Waal, among other things, expressed the opinion that the Russo-Ukrainian War put the end of the concept of "near abroad" as a Russian sphere of influence. In particular, Armenia and Moldova, seem to take an advantage of the political situation to break off from the control by Russia. Some other neighbours of Russia are trying to take an economic advantage from their increased trade with Russia due to the economic sanctions of the West.[5]
One of the indicators of the decreasing influence of Russia in its "near abroad" is the diminishing status of the Russian language (which had, among the languages of the Soviet Union, a preferred status of the "language of interethnic communication"[6][7]): in many countries there is a sharp decrease in the knowledge of Russian among the younger generations.[5]
Thomas de Waal expresses a caveat: turning the "near abroad" away from Russia does not necessarily mean turning to the West: for the states in Central Asia, aligning with China and Turkey are possible alternatives.[5]
See also
edit- America's Backyard
- American imperialism
- Belt and Road Initiative
- Commonwealth of Independent States
- Collective Security Treaty Organization
- Cooperation between China and Central and Eastern European Countries
- Customs Union of the Eurasian Economic Union
- Foreign relations of Russia
- Limitrophe states
- Serbian–Montenegrin unionism
- Sino-Soviet split
- Soviet Empire
References
edit- ^ a b c d e f g h Safire, William (22 May 1994). "ON LANGUAGE; The Near Abroad". The New York Times Magazine. Retrieved 18 April 2008.
- ^ Martinsen, Kaare Dahl (June 2002). "The Russian-Belarusian Union and the Near Abroad" (PDF). Norwegian Institute for Defence Studies. Retrieved 9 May 2011.
- ^ Kagan, Robert (6 February 2008). "New Europe, Old Russia". The Washington Post. Retrieved 18 April 2008.
- ^ a b Erlanger, Steven (25 February 2001). "The World; Learning to Fear Putin's Gaze". The New York Times. Retrieved 18 April 2008.
- ^ a b c de Waal, Thomas (16 May 2024). "The End of the Near Abroad". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Retrieved 23 August 2024.
- ^ Comrie, Bernard (1981). The Languages of the Soviet Union. Cambridge Language Surveys. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 36–37. ISBN 0-521-23230-9.
- ^ Язык межнационального общения [Language of interethnic communication]. Great Russian Encyclopedia (in Russian). 16 January 2023. Retrieved 23 August 2024.
Further reading
edit- Toal, Gerard (2017). Near Abroad: Putin, the West, and the Contest over Ukraine and the Caucasus. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-025330-1.
External links
edit
The dictionary definition of near abroad at Wiktionary
