The New Calendarists are Eastern Orthodox churches that adopted the Revised Julian calendar.[1]
Background
editIn the history of Christianity, divisions on which calendar to use were initiated after 1582, when the Roman Catholic Church transitioned from the ancient Julian calendar to the new Gregorian calendar.[2]
Eventually, by the 18th century, the Gregorian Calendar was officially adopted even in Protestant countries as the civil calendar, but still faced some opposition from smaller groups. In the Kingdom of Great Britain, the Gregorian calendar was officially introduced in 1752.[3]
Around the same time, debates between those wanting to adopt the Gregorian Calendar and traditionalists wanting to keep the Julian calendar were also going on within several Eastern Catholic Churches. Those debates were focused mainly on ritual questions and ended in various compromises. The need for preservation of ritual differences, including various questions related to liturgical calendar, was consequently acknowledged by Rome.[4]
New Calendarists
editIn 1923, the Revised Julian calendar was devised. Since then, several Eastern Orthodox Churches have introduced partial changes into their liturgical calendars.[5] Those changes were based on the application of the Revised Julian calendar for the liturgical celebration of immovable feasts (including Christmas), thus reducing the use of the old Julian calendar to liturgical celebration of moveable feasts (feasts of the Easter cycle).[6]
Thus, the Revised calendar use was introduced. It has been adopted by:
- the Ecumenical Patriarchate (March 1924)
- the Church of Greece (March 1924)
- the Church of Cyprus[7][8][9] (March 1924)
- the Romanian Orthodox Church (later in 1924[8])
- the Patriarchate of Alexandria (in 1928)
- the Patriarchate of Antioch (in 1928)
- the Albanian Orthodox Church (April 1937)
- the Bulgarian Orthodox Church[9][7] (in 1968)
- the Orthodox Church of Ukraine[10] (in 2023)
The Orthodox Church in America (except for Alaska) also uses the revised calendar.
It was not adopted by the Eastern Orthodox Churches of:
The Polish Orthodox Church has wavered between the two calendars; today it officially follows the old calendar.[7]
In Eastern Orthodoxy, issues related to calendar reform did not produce break of communion or schisms between the mainstream churches, but they did cause disputes and internal schisms within some churches. The result of those conflicts was the emergence of the Old Calendarist movement, and consequent creation of separate churches, thus breaking the communion with those mother churches that accepted the calendar reform.[7]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Ware, Kallistos (2002). "Old Calendarists". In Clogg, Richard (ed.). Minorities in Greece: Aspects of a Plural Society. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. pp. 9–10. ISBN 9781850657057.
- ^ Dershowitz & Reingold 2001, p. 47, 49.
- ^ Dershowitz & Reingold 2001, p. 49.
- ^ Galadza 2007, p. 291-318.
- ^ Dershowitz & Reingold 2001, p. 49, 70.
- ^ Clogg 2002, pp. 9–10.
- ^ a b c d e Clogg 2002, pp. 8–9.
- ^ a b Parry, Ken; Melling, David J.; Brady, Dimitri; Griffith, Sidney H.; Healey, John F., eds. (2017-09-01) [1999]. "True Orthodox church". The Blackwell Dictionary of Eastern Christianity. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd. pp. 498–9. doi:10.1002/9781405166584. ISBN 978-1-4051-6658-4.
- ^ a b c Emilianides, Achilles C. (2019-02-13). "IV. The Right to Elect Representatives of the Religious Groups - § 4. The constitutional position of the Orthodox Christians who follow the old calendar". Religion and Law in Cyprus. Kluwer Law International B.V. ISBN 978-94-035-1011-8.
- ^ "OCU switches to a new calendar". Istorychna Pravda (in Ukrainian). 24 May 2023. Retrieved 24 May 2023.
Sources
edit- Baum, Wilhelm; Winkler, Dietmar W. (2003). The Church of the East: A Concise History. London-New York: Routledge-Curzon. ISBN 9781134430192.
- Clogg, Richard (2002). Minorities in Greece: Aspects of a Plural Society. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. ISBN 9781850657057.
- Dershowitz, Nachum; Reingold, Edward M. (2001). Calendrical Calculations: Millennium Edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521777520.
- Galadza, Peter (2007). "Eastern Catholic Christianity". The Blackwell Companion to Eastern Christianity. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. pp. 291–318. ISBN 9780470766392.