The Ngaere swamp complex was a wetland complex in the Taranaki region of New Zealand. It was drained in the 1890s to make way for agriculture,[1][2][3] and is now largely covered by the settlements of Ngaere and Eltham.[4] Lake Rotokare is the largest extant remnant of the swamp complex,[5] which covered approximately 1416 hectares.[6]
Situated in the rohe (domain) of the Ngāti Tupaia iwi,[5] the wetland featured prominently in Māori mythology as a stop made by Mount Taranaki when fleeing the Tongariro volcanic centre.[7] Vegetation around the swamp complex included kahikatea, pukatea and swamp maire.[1][8]
History
editThe Ngaere swamp complex consisted of two swamps: the Ngaere swamp, at a level of 220 metres, and the Eltham swamp, at 210 metres. The latter was drained by a tributary of the Waingongoro River to the west, and by the Mangimangi Stream to the south. The swamp complex was formed by lahar deposits from Opunake and Stratford between 50000 and 23000 years ago.[1][8]
Draining of the swamp complex commenced in the 1890s.[3] The land it formerly covered is now mostly pasture, though the original swamp forest has remnants on the western and northern edges of the Eltham swamp.[1] In 2024, the rare plant species Gratiola concinna native to the Ngaere swamp complex was transplanted in Lake Rotokare.[5]
Cultural significance
editPrior to its draining, the wetland provided a source of food for Māori inhabitants of the area, who hunted in it for eels, waterfowl and kōtuku. Tāwhara fruit was also an important food source during the summer months.[4]
According to Māori mythology, the swamp was formed by Mount Taranaki while fleeing from Mount Tongariro. Mount Ruapehu, who was wed to Taranaki, was said to have engaged in an affair with Tongariro, leading to a battle between Tongariro and Taranaki. Taranaki lost the battle, causing him to travel westward. Taranaki's travel is also said to have formed the gorges of the Whanganui river.[7]
References
edit- ^ a b c d Franks, A.M.; Neall, V.E.; Pollok, J.A. (1991). Soils of Part Eltham County, North Island, New Zealand (Report). DSIR Land Resources. doi:10.7931/dl1-dlrsr-14. ISSN 1170-5965. Retrieved 10 December 2024.
- ^ "Biodiversity Information Sheet - Swamp Maire, Waiwaka" (PDF). Taranaki Regional Council. Retrieved 11 December 2024.
- ^ a b Beer, Brian (9 January 2021). "Hill Street (Eltham)". Taranaki Daily News. Puke Ariki. Retrieved 11 December 2024.
- ^ a b Houston, John (10 May 1930). "The Ngaere Swamp". Hawera Star. Retrieved 10 December 2024.
- ^ a b c "Rotokare Welcomes Rare Native Plant in Special "Homecoming"". Department of Conservation. 11 July 2024. Retrieved 10 December 2024.
- ^ "Marvellous Mudfish: Brown Mudfish" (PDF). Department of Conservation. Retrieved 10 December 2024.
- ^ a b Foster, Bernard. "Maori Legend of Mounts Ruapehu and Taranaki (Egmont)". Te Ara. Retrieved 10 December 2024.
- ^ a b McGlone, M. S.; Neall, V. E. (1994). "The Late Pleistocene and Holocene Vegetation History of Taranaki, North Island, New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Botany. 32 (3): 251–269. doi:10.1080/0028825X.1994.10410470. ISSN 0028-825X. Retrieved 10 December 2024.