The Ngarnji (Ngarndji) or Ngarnka (Ngarnga, Ngarnku) language was traditionally spoken by the Ngarnka people of the Barkly Tablelands in the Northern Territory of Australia. The last fluent speaker of the language died between 1997 and 1998.[1] Ngarnka belongs to the Mirndi language family, in the Ngurlun branch.[3] It is closely related to its eastern neighbours Binbinka, Gudanji and Wambaya. It is more distantly related to its western neighbour Jingulu, and three languages of the Victoria River District, Jaminjung, Ngaliwurru and Nungali. There is very little documentation and description of Ngarnka, however there have been several graduate[4] and undergraduate[5][6] dissertations written on various aspects of Ngarnka morphology, and a sketch grammar and lexicon of Ngarnka is currently in preparation.[7]
| Ngarnji | |
|---|---|
| Ngarnka | |
| Native to | Australia |
| Region | Barkly Tableland, Northern Territory |
| Ethnicity | Ngarnji/Ngarnka |
| Extinct | 1997–1998[1] |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | included in [nji] Gudanji |
| Glottolog | ngar1283 |
| AIATSIS[2] | N121 |
| ELP | Ngarnka |
Phonology
edit| Bilabial | Apico- alveolar |
Apico- postalveolar |
Lamino- palatal |
Dorso- velar | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stop | b /p/ | d /t/ | rd /ʈ/ | j /c/ | k /k/ |
| Nasal | m /m/ | n /n/ | rn /ɳ/ | ny /ɲ/ | ng /ŋ/ |
| Lateral | l /l/ | rl /ɭ/ | ly /ʎ/ | ||
| Tap | rr /r/ | ||||
| Glide | w /w/ | r /ɻ/ | y /j/ |
| Unrounded | Rounded | |
|---|---|---|
| High | i /i/, iyi /iː/ | u /u/, uwu /uː/ |
| Low | a /ɐ/, aa /ɐː/ |
Verbal morphology and syntax
editInflecting verbs and uninflecting verbs
editNgarnka possesses two kinds of verb: inflecting verbs and uninflecting verbs. These two word classes are common in many languages of northern Australia.[8] Inflecting verbs are finite, bear bound pronouns, inflect for tense, aspect and mood, and usually occur in second position. Uninflecting verbs bear only minimal tense inflection (distinguishing non-present tense), and are less distributionally restricted than inflecting verbs, although often occurring clause-initially. Inflecting verbs can constitute an independent predicate in a simple verb construction, whereas uninflecting verbs must occur with an inflecting verb in a light verb construction (although they occur independently in non-finite subordinate clauses). There are only three inflecting verbs in Ngarnka: a general 'do' inflecting verb, a centrifugal locomotion inflecting verb 'go', and a centripetal locomotion inflecting verb 'come'. Examples of inflecting verbs and uninflecting verbs are provided below.
Yangurla
NEG
ngu-li-ya
IRR.1SG.S-POT-DO.HAB.NPST
ngarl-i
speak-UV
Binbinka=ka.
Binbinka.N(ACC)=FAR
I can't speak Binbinka. Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (help);
Yalkij-b-ani
cook-UV-NPRS
ngu-lu
IRR.1SG.A-POT(DO.NPRS)
ngarri
1SG.DAT
yangaji.
meat.M(ACC)
I will cook my meat. Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (help);
Yakal-i
go-UV
ju-l-a
IRR.2SG.S-POT-go.NPST
yarrkawala.
far
You will go far away. Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (help);
Simple verb construction
editWhen expressing motion events, sometimes Ngarnka will use a simple verb construction with one of the two locomotion inflecting verbs. However, in many cases, a light verb construction will be used with the generic locomotion uninflecting verb yakali 'go', as in the above example. Examples of the locomotion inflecting verbs in simple verb constructions are provided below.
Ni-ya
M-DIST(NOM)
ngki-yarra
R.3SG.M.S-go.PST
ilikirri-nmanji.
creek.N-ALL
He went to the river. Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (help);
Ni-yangka-kunja
M-DIST-PL.M/N(NOM)
irri-l-ajkani.
IRR.3PL.S-POT-come
They will come (here).
Light verb construction
editThe most common predicate type in Ngarnka is the light verb construction, a structure common in northern Australian languages.[9] The Ngarnka light verb construction involves a finite inflecting verb and a non-finite uninflecting verb. Examples of each of the inflecting verbs in light verb constructions are provided below.
Wulanyi-ni
snake.M-ERG
ni-ny-akba
HYP.3SG.M.A-2.P-DO.HYP
ngangi
2SG(ACC)
kurdayi-bi.
bite-UV
The snake might bite you. Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (help);
Kujarra-wulu
two.N-DU(ACC)
kuda-wulu
hill.N-DU(ACC)
ngu-l-a=ki
IRR.1SG.S-POT-go.NPST=NEAR
langan-bi=ki.
climb-UV=NEAR
I will go and climb the two hills here. Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (help);
Ngaj-bi
see-UV
mirnd-ajkani.
R.1DU.INCL.A-come
You and I came to see it. Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (help);
References
edit- ^ a b Pensalfini, Robert (2004). "Eulogizing a language: The Ngarnka experience" (PDF). International Journal of the Sociology of Language. 2004 (168): 141–156. doi:10.1515/ijsl.2004.029.
- ^ N121 Ngarnji at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
- ^ Harvey, Mark (2008). Proto Mirndi: A discontinuous language family in Northern Australia. PL 593. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. ISBN 978-0-85883-588-7.
- ^ Chadwick, Neil (1978). The West Barkly languages: Complex morphology (Unpublished PhD Thesis). Monash: Monash University.
- ^ McQuay, Colleen (2005). The structure and inflections of verbs in Ngarnka, an Aboriginal language of the Northern Territory (Unpublished Hons Thesis). St Lucia: The University of Queensland.
- ^ Osgarby, David (2014). Nominal morphology of Ngarnka, Northern Territory (Australia) (Unpublished Hons Thesis). St Lucia: The University of Queensland.
- ^ a b c Osgarby, David; Pensalfini, Robert; Moerkerken, Colleen. A sketch grammar and lexicon of Ngarnka.
- ^ Schulze-Berndt, Eva (2003). "Preverbs as an open word class in northern Australian languages: Synchronic and diachronic correlates". In Booij, Geert; van Marle, Jaap (eds.). Yearbook of Morphology. New York: Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. 145–177. ISBN 978-1-4020-1272-3.
- ^ Bowern, Claire (2014). "Complex predicates in Australian languages". The languages and linguistics of Australia: A comprehensive guide. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 263–294. ISBN 978-3-11-027969-6.