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Nicholas Love, also known as Nicholas Luff (died c. 1424), was first a Benedictine and then a Carthusian monk in medieval England, and became the first prior of Mount Grace charterhouse in Yorkshire.[1] He was the translator and reviser of a popular devotional treatise which was used by the Church authorities to counter the teaching of John Wycliffe. In his later years he convinced Henry V of England to attempt to reform Benedictine monasticism in England, but died before measures could be taken.
Nicholas Love | |
|---|---|
| Born | Unknown Unknown |
| Died | c. 1424 |
| Nationality | English |
| Occupation | Carthusian monk |
| Known for | Translator, religious writer, reformer |
| Title | Prior of Mount Grace |
Life as a Monk
editHe spent his mature years as a Carthusian prior, he was originally a Benedictine monk, perhaps of Freiston, a cell founded in 1114 of the Benedictine Crowland Abbey in Lincolnshire and which within a short time became a priory.[2] As the first prior of Mount Grace charterhouse, Love was preceded by three "rectors", as the Carthusian Order names the superiors of houses not yet formally incorporated (an early charter[3] names Robert Tredwye, or Trethewy–the first rector–as first prior). Love was the fourth rector, promoted to prior upon the incorporation of Mount Grace in 1411. The latest documentary occurrence of his name is 15 March 1423, and his death, as "former prior" is recorded in 1424.[4]
Devotional Writing
editLove translated the popular fourteenth-century Franciscan devotional manual Meditations on the Life of Christ (Latin: Meditationes Vitae Christi or Meditationes De Vita Christi; Italian: Meditazione della vita di Cristo) into English, as The Mirror of the Blessed Life of Jesus Christ. The Meditationes was at the time attributed to St Bonaventure, but is now recognised to be by an unknown author, and hence is attributed to Pseudo-Bonaventure, although attempts have been made to identify its author, and it is possible that it was written by an Italian Franciscan, Giovanni de' Cauli (Johannes de Caulibus).[5]
Around the year 1410, Love submitted his Mirror to Thomas Arundel, Archbishop of Canterbury, in conformity with the strictures of the Oxford Constitutions of 1407–09, which had forbidden all new translations of biblical material in any form, without the submission of the material to the local bishop for approval. The archbishop had taken this action in an attempt to stop the circulation of the Wycliffite translation of the Bible and other heretical Wycliffite (Lollard) writings.[6]
Love's translation in fact includes a number of substantial interpolations into the original Latin text. These aim to argue specifically against the positions of John Wycliffe and his followers, as for example on the Church hierarchy, almsgiving, and the sacraments of Penance and the Eucharist. An additional chapter on the Eucharist is sometimes referred to separately, as A Short Treatise of the Highest and Most Worthy Sacrament of Christ's Body and Its Miracles.
Archbishop Arundel not merely approved of Love's translation, but personally endorsed and commanded its circulation, and it appears to have been disseminated in manuscript primarily from the early fifteenth-century book production centres in London and Westminster, rather than from Mount Grace Charterhouse.
The Mirror was remarkably popular: there are 64 surviving manuscripts and 6 printings made before 1535.[7]
Reform Agitator
editLater in life, Love complained to King Henry V about the laxity of the discipline of the Benedictine monks in England, inciting him to call an extraordinary convocation of the Order at Westminster to answer a bill of thirteen charges that Love, a former Benedictine himself, had apparently drawn up. Love was one of the King's three delegates to the reform commission that derived from this convocation, but both he and the king died before any actual reforms were effected.[8]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ THE ARCHIVE OF BERMONDSEY ABBEY Archived 2012-02-14 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ David Falls, "Reading Prior to Translating: A Possible Latin Exemplar for Nicholas Love's 'Myrrour of the Blessed Lyf of Jesu Christ'", Notes & Queries 2010 [1]
- ^ "Manuscript in 'Ingleby Records'" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 November 2010. Retrieved 30 December 2010.
- ^ David M. Smith, The Heads of Religious Houses: England and Wales, vol. 3, 1377-1540 (Cambridge University Press, 2008), p. 362.
- ^ Bernard McGinn, The Varieties of Vernacular Mysticism, (New York, Herder & Herder, 2012), p. 488.
- ^ Anne Hudson, The Premature Reformation: Wycliffite Texts and Lollard History (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1988), pp. 437-40.
- ^ Michael G. Sargent, "What do the Numbers Mean? A Textual Critic's Observations on some Patterns of Middle English Manuscript Transmission", in Margaret Connolly & Linne R. Mooney, edd., Design and Distribution of Late Medieval Manuscripts in England, (York Medieval Press, 2008), pp. 205-44.
- ^ "Note on the Meeting of 1421", in William Abel Pantin, ed., Documents Illustrating the Activities of the General and Provincial Chapters of the English Black Monks, 1215-1540, vol. 2, (London: Camden Society, 1933), pp. 98-134.
Further reading
edit- Mary Stallings-Taney, ed., Iohannis de Caulibus Meditaciones vite Christi: olim S. Bounauenturo attributae, Corpus Christianorum Continuatio mediaevalis 153. (Turnholti: Brepols, 1997). (ISBN 978-2-503-04531-3)
- Sarah McNamer, "The Origins of the Meditationes vitae Christi", in Speculum 84 (2009) 905–955.
- Michael G. Sargent, ed., Nicholas Love. The Mirror of the Blessed Life of Jesus Christ: A Full Critical Edition, based on Cambridge University Library Additional MSS 6578 and 6686, with Introduction, Notes and Glossary (Exeter: University of Exeter Press, 2005). (ISBN 0 85989 740 0)
- Shoichi Oguro, Richard Beadle & Michael G. Sargent, edd., Nicholas Love at Waseda: Proceedings of the International Conference, 20–22 July 1995. (Cambridge: D.S. Brewer, 1997). (ISBN 0 85991 500 X)
- Elizabeth Salter, ed., Nicholas Love's 'Myrrour of the Blessed Lyf of Jesu Christ'. Analecta Cartusiana 10 (Salzburg: Institut für Englische Sprache und Literatur, 1974).
- Kantik Ghosh, "Nicholas Love", in Anthony S.G. Edwards, ed., A Companion to Middle English Prose, (Woodbridge, Suffolk: D.S. Brewer, 2004), pp. 3–66.
- Elizabeth Salter, "The Manuscripts of Nicholas Love’s Myrrour of the Blessed Lyf of Jesu Christ and Related Texts", in Anthony S.G. Edwards & Derek Pearsall, edd., Middle English Prose, (New York: Garland, 1981), pp. 115–127.