Nicneven, Nicnevin or Nicnevan is a witch or fairy queen from Scottish folklore. She is often said to be the same figure as the Gyre-Carling or Hecate, but some scholars disagree with this. It is debated whether the name originally referred to a real woman or a mythical goddess.[1][2]
Etymology
editThe name may derive from a Scottish Gaelic surname Neachneohain, meaning "daughter(s) of the divine," and/or "daughter(s) of Scathach," or NicNaoimhein, meaning "daughter of the little saint".[3] Other theories propose that the name derives from the Irish war goddess Neamhain,[4] or is connected to water-spirits such as the Nixie, Nokke or even Neptune.[5][6]
Legend
editThe first known mention of Nicneven was by Alexander Montgomerie around 1580. Montgomerie and Patrick Hume of Polwarth were two court poets under King James VI of Scotland. In a "flyting" or exchange of comical insults in verse, Montgomerie described the birth of Patrick Hume (referred to as Polwart throughout the poem). In his story, Polwart is the hideous offspring of an elf and an ape, conceived during the Halloween procession of the King and Queen of the Fairies. The infant Polwart is found by the Weird Sisters and then passed on to Nicneven and her group of nymphs or witches, who dedicate him to Hecatus (Hecate) and Pluto in an unholy ritual.
Nicnevin with her nymphes, in number anew
With charms from Caitness and Chanrie of Ross
Whose cunning consists in casting a clew.[7]
After Montgomerie's poem, the next known mentions of Nicneven date from the early 1800s. In 1801, John Leyden wrote that Nicneven was one of the "popular appellations" of "the gyre-carlin, the Queen of Fairies, the great hag, Hecate, or mother-witch of the peasants."[8] Robert Cromek gave a more colorful description:
"We will close our history of witchcraft with the only notice we could collect, of a celebrated personage, called the Gyre Carline; who is reckoned the mother of glamour, and near a-kin to Satan himself. She is believed to preside over the 'Hallowmass Rades' and mothers frequently frighten their children by threatening to give them to McNeven, or the Gyre Carline. She is described as wearing a long gray mantle, and carrying a wand, which, like the miraculous rod of Moses, could convert water into rocks and sea into solid land."[9]
Writers such as Sir Walter Scott conflated Nicneven not only with Hecate but with other queens of fairies and witches like Diana and Herodias.[10]
Gyre-Carling
editThe Gyre-Carling is a witch- or ogress-like figure, with variants such as Gyre-Carlin, Gy-Carling, and Gay-Carlin.[11] Gyre is possibly a cognate of the Norse word geri and thus has the meaning "greedy,"[12] or it may be from the Norse gýgr meaning "ogress";[3] carling or carline is a Scots and Northern English word meaning "old woman" which is from, or related to, the Norse word kerling (of the same meaning).[13][14]
One satirical depiction from the 16th-century Bannatyne Manuscript described "an grit Gyre-Carling," who "levit vpoun Christiane menis flesche." After a love-quarrel with her neighbour, she left Scotland to become wife of "Mahomyte" and queen of the "Jowis."[15] In Fife, the Gyre-Carling was associated with spinning and knitting, like Habetrot. There it was believed to be unlucky to leave a piece of knitting unfinished at the New Year, lest the Gyre-Carling steal it.[16]
It was also frequently a generic term for witches. In his response to Montgomerie, Polwart wrote "Leave boggles, brownies, gyr-carlings and gaists." Similarly in 1793, Robert Heron wrote that fairies and "Gyar-Carlins" roamed on Halloween and other nights to stop those they were displeased with, and could be heard curling on the ice on winter nights.[17]
Nicneven as Historical Figure
editOne possibility raised by scholars is that Nicneven was inspired by a real woman condemned to death for witchcraft. Another theory, as seen in Sir Walter Scott and C. K. Sharpe, is that multiple women were nicknamed in honor of the legendary figure.[18][19]
In May 1569, an accused witch known as Nicneven or Nic Neville was condemned to death and burnt at the stake at St. Andrews. She told her interrogators that the apothecaries had caused her arrest because of her superior healing powers.[20] This woman may have been the same as Nikneveing of Monzie, mentioned in the 1643 witchcraft trial of John Brughe of Fossoway. Brughe's teacher, Neane NcClerith, was Nikneveing's niece.
Several legends surround a nurse, Catherine Niven or Kate McNiven of Monzie, who was also burned to death for witchcraft. Sources give widely varying dates including 1563, 1615, or 1715.[2]
Analysis
editSome scholars such as Alison Hanham have expressed skepticism that Nicneven is the same as the Gyre-Carlin or that she was meant to be understood as a queen of the fairies. Hanham refers to Montgomery's Flyting as "Nicneven's earliest, and indeed only authentic, literary appearance," dismissing the views of Scott, Cromek, and others who call Nicneven "the Scottish Hecate." In the Flyting, Nicneven is a worshipper of Hecate. Jacqueline Simpson pointed out that the term "gyr-carlings" does appear in Polwart's response to Montgomerie and could possibly refer to Nicneven and her witches, but also noted the extreme gap of "over two hundred years" between Montgomerie's poem and the much later sources describing Nicneven as a fairy queen or goddess.[1]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b Simpson, Jacqueline (1995). "'The Weird Sisters Wandering': Burlesque Witchery in Montgomerie's 'Flyting.'". Folklore. 106 (1–2): 9–20. doi:10.1080/0015587X.1995.9715888. JSTOR 1260748.
- ^ a b Hanham, Alison (1969). ""The Scottish Hecate": a wild witch chase". Scottish Studies. 13: 59–64.
- ^ a b "nic" meaning "daughter" and "naoimhein" meaning "of little saint" ( > the proper name Niven) http://www.dsl.ac.uk/
- ^ Henderson, Lizanne (2001). Scottish Fairy Belief: A History. Dundurn. p. 15.
- ^ Douce, Francis (1807). Illustrations of Shakspeare and of Ancient Manners, with Dissertations on the Clowns and Fools of Shakspeare; on the Collection of Popular Tales Entitled Gesta Romanorum, and on the English Morris Dance, Volume 1. Longman, Hurst, Rees, and Orme. p. 590.
- ^ Farmer, John Stephen (1902). Slang and Its Analogues Past and Present: N to Raz. p. 100.
- ^ James Miller, St. Baldred of the Bass: a Pictish legend. The siege of Berwick: a tragedy: with other poems and ballads founded on the local traditions of East Lothian and Berwickshire (Oliver & Boyd, 1824), p. 267
- ^ Leyden, John (1801). The Complaynt of Scotland: Written in 1548. A Constable. pp. 318–319.
- ^ Cromek, Robert Hartley (1810). Remains of Nithsdale and Galloway song: with historical and traditional notices relative to the manners and customs of the peasantry. p. 292.
- ^ Sir Walter Scott, Letters on Demonology and Witchcraft (1831), ch, 4
- ^ A Glossary of North Country Words, with Their Etymology, and Affinity to Other Languages: And Occasional Notices of Local Customs and Popular Superstitions by John Trotter Brockett, William Edward Brockett, E. Charnley, 1846, page 203
- ^ An Etymological Dictionary of the Scottish Language: Illustrating the Words in Their Different Significations by Examples from Ancient and Modern Writers, Volume One by John Jamieson, Printed at the University Press for W. Creech, 1808, p. 374
- ^ A Dictionary of North East Dialect by Bill Griffiths, Northumbria University Press, 2005, ISBN 1-904794-16-5, ISBN 978-1-904794-16-5, page. 28
- ^ Scandinavian Loan-Words in Middle English, Part 1 by Erik Bjorkman, BiblioBazaar, LLC, 2008, ISBN 0-559-15368-6, ISBN 978-0-559-15368-6, page 142
- ^ David Laing, William Carew Hazlitt, Early popular poetry of Scotland and the northern border (Reeves and Turner, 1895), p. 18
- ^ Briggs, Katharine (1976). A Dictionary of Fairies: Hobgoblins, Brownies, Bogies, and Other Supernatural Creatures. p. 213.
- ^ Heron, Robert (1793). Observations made in a journey through the western counties of Scotland in the autumn of 1792 Volume 2. p. 228.
- ^ Scott, Walter (1913). The Works of Sir Walter Scott: The abbot. p. 322.
- ^ Law, Robert (1818). Memorialls, Or, The Memorable Things that Fell Out Within this Island of Brittain from 1638 to 1684. pp. lxxxiii.
- ^ Reports on the Manuscripts of the Earl of Eglinton, Sir J. Stirling Maxwell, Bart., C. S. H. Drummond Moray, Esq., C. F. Weston Underwood, Esq., and G. Wingfield Digby, Esq. 1885. pp. 5, 43.