The Nicoleño language is an extinct language formerly spoken on San Nicolas Island by the Nicoleño. It went extinct with Juana Maria's death in 1853. Its extant remnants consist only of four words and two songs attributed to her. This evidence was recorded by non-speakers, as contemporary accounts are clear that no one could be found who could understand Juana Maria. The four Nicoleño words that were translated were tocah, meaning "animal hide"; nache, meaning "man"; toygwah, meaning "sky"; and puoochay, meaning "body".[1]
| Nicoleño | |
|---|---|
| Island Takic | |
| Native to | United States |
| Region | San Nicolas Island, California |
| Ethnicity | Nicoleño |
| Extinct | October 19, 1853, with the death of Juana Maria |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | None (mis) |
| Glottolog | isla1277 |
Based on this limited evidence, Alfred L. Kroeber in 1907 identified Nicoleño as a "Shoshonean language" – and classified it with the Takic branch of Uto-Aztecan that includes Tongva (Gabrieliño), spoken on Santa Catalina Island and the adjacent coast, and Luiseño, spoken to the south. Most subsequent linguists have followed Kroeber's conclusions.[2]
In 2000, linguist Pamela Munro argued that Nicoleño was part of the Cupan group of Takic languages, and not closely related to Tongva. According to Munro's analysis, Nicoleño had similarities to both the Luiseño–Juaneño and the Cupeño–Cahuilla branches of Cupan, and possibly represented a third distinct branch.[3]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "'Island of the Blue Dolphins' Woman Connected to Pechanga Band, Says Navy - Indian Country Media Network". Indian Country Today. 5 March 2015. Archived from the original on 8 May 2018. Retrieved 7 May 2018.
- ^ Munro 2000, pp. 659–660.
- ^ Munro 2000, pp. 661–667.
Sources
edit- Munro, Pamela (2000). "Takic Foundations of Nicoleño Vocabulary" (PDF). Proceedings of the Fifth California Islands Symposium. Fifth California Islands Symposium. Santa Barbara: US Department of the Interior. pp. 659–668.
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