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Nikolaus Krell (c. 1551 – 9 October 1601), chancellor of the elector of Saxony, was born at Leipzig, and educated at the university of his native town.
About 1580 he entered the service of Christian I, the eldest son of Augustus I, elector of Saxony, and when Christian succeeded his father as elector in 1586, became his most influential counselor. Krell's religious views were Calvinistic or Crypto-Calvinistic, and both before and after his appointment as chancellor in 1589 he sought to advance his own religious views at the expense of the reigning Lutheran Orthodoxy which was the sanctioned religion of Electorate of Saxony. Calvinists were appointed to many important ecclesiastical and educational offices; a translation of the Bible with Calvinistic annotations was published; and Krell took other measures to attain his end.[1]
In foreign politics, also, he sought to change the traditional policy of Saxony of close collaboration with the Habsburg emperors, acting in unison with John Casimir, regent of the Electorate of the Palatinate, and reaching out to Henry IV of France[1] and Elizabeth I of England.
These departures from Saxon tradition, coupled with the jealousy felt at Krell's high position and autocratic conduct, made the chancellor very unpopular, and when the elector died in October 1591 he was deprived of his offices and thrown into Georgenburg prison of the Königstein Fortress by order of Frederick William, duke of Saxe-Altenburg, the regent for the young Elector Christian II.[1]
His trial was delayed until 1595, and then, owing partly to the interference of the imperial court of justice (Reichskammergericht), dragged on for six years. At length it was referred by Emperor Rudolph II to a court of appeal at Prague, and Krell sentenced to death.[2] He was decapitated in the Jüdenhof in Dresden on 9 October 1601. He is commemorated by a paving stone with the inscription "Kr" at the spot of his execution in the Dresden Stallhof.
Krell was not the only individual accused of Crypto-Calvinism. The influential physician Caspar Peucer was also charged and subsequently imprisoned for years.
Notes
edit- ^ a b c Chisholm 1911, p. 402.
- ^ Chisholm 1911, pp. 402–403.
References
edit- This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Crell, Nicholas". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 402–403. This, in turn cites:
- Bohnenstädt, B (1901), Das Prozessverfahren gegen den kursächsischen Kanzler Dr Nikolaus Krell (in German), Halle
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link). - Brandes, F (1873), Der Kanzler Krell, em Opfer des Orthodoxismus (in German), Leipzig
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link). - Henke, Ernst Ludwig Theodor (1865), Caspar Peucer und Nicolaus Krell (in German), Marburg
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link). - Richard, AV (1860), Der kurfürstliche sächsische Kanzler Dr Nicolaus Krell (in German), Frankfort
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link).
- Bohnenstädt, B (1901), Das Prozessverfahren gegen den kursächsischen Kanzler Dr Nikolaus Krell (in German), Halle
Further reading
edit- Bautz, Friedrich Wilhelm (1975). "Crell, Nikolaus". In Bautz, Friedrich Wilhelm (ed.). Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL) (in German). Vol. 1. Hamm: Bautz. cols. 1156–57. ISBN 3-88309-013-1.
- Böhm, Roland (1992). "Krell, Nikolaus". In Bautz, Traugott (ed.). Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL) (in German). Vol. 4. Herzberg: Bautz. cols. 641–42. ISBN 3-88309-038-7.
- Ersch, Johann Samuel; Gruber, Johann Gottfried, Allgemeine Encyclopädie der Wissenschaften und Künste (in German), vol. 20, p. 122[permanent dead link].
- Krell, Hartmut (2006), Das Verfahren gegen den 1601 hingerichteten Kanzler Dr. Nicolaus Krell (in German), Frankfurt am Main
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link). - Kusche, Sebastian (2009), "Gesichter der Uni: Nikolaus Krell (1550/53–1601)", Journal Universität Leipzig (in German), 6: 15.
- Richard, August Victor (1859), Der kurfürstlich sächsische Kanzler Dr. Nicolaus Krell (in German), Dresden
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link). - Ritter, Moriz; Arnold, Ernst (1883), "Crell, Nikolaus", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 17, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 116–122
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Leben, Schicksal und Ende des Dr. Nicolaus Krell. Leipzig (1798).
- Zur Erinnerung an die Hinrichtung von Dr. Nikolaus Krell am 09. Oktober 1601 auf dem Dresdner Neumarkt [In Remembrance of the Execution of Dr. Nikolaus Krell on the Dresden Neumarkt, 9 October 1601] (in German), DE: Neumarkt Dresden, archived from the original on 19 July 2011 images commemorating Krell's execution.
- Der Calvinistensturm (1593) [The Calvinist Controversy (1593)] (in German), DE: Uni Leizig, archived from the original on 2011-05-16, retrieved 2010-09-04 has contemporary images of the suppression of Calvinism in Saxony.
