Nikonov (Russian: Никонов) and Nikonova (Russian: Никонова) are masculine and feminine forms of a common Russian surname. Notable people with the surname include:
- Alexander Nikonov (1893–1937), a Soviet military leader.
- Gennadiy Nikonov (1950–2003), a Russian gun engineer.
- Vadim Nikonov (b. 1948), a Soviet football player and coach.
- Vyacheslav Nikonov (b. 1956), a Russian political scientist.
- Yevgeny Nikonov (1920–1941), a Russian war hero.
- Angelina Nikonova (b. 1976), a Russian filmmaker, script writer and film producer.
- Elena Nikonova, a Russian pair skater.
- Matrona Nikonova (1881–1952), a canonized saint of the Russian Orthodox Church.
- Ry Nikonova (1942–2014), Russian artist, poet, and writer.
- Valentina Nikonova (b. 1952), a Soviet fencer.
- Yevgeniya Nikonova (b. 1970), a Russian basketball player.