The Nonpartisan Bloc for Support of Reforms (Polish: Bezpartyjny Blok Wspierania Reform, BBWR) was an officially nonpartisan organization (but, in fact, a political party) affiliated with Lech Wałęsa. The party was established in 1993, and became part of Solidarity Electoral Action in 1997.
Nonpartisan Bloc for Support of Reforms Bezpartyjny Blok Wspierania Reform (Polish) | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Founded | 30 November 1993 |
| Dissolved | November 1997 |
| Succeeded by | Christian Democracy of the 3rd Polish Republic |
| Headquarters | Warsaw, Poland |
| Ideology | Christian democracy[1] Conservatism[2] Populism[1] |
| Political position | Centre-right[3] |
| National affiliation | Solidarity Electoral Action (1997) |
It was founded to continue the traditions of Józef Piłsudski's pre-war Nonpartisan Bloc for Cooperation with the Government (Bezpartyjny Blok Współpracy z Rządem), which likewise had been known by the same initials, BBWR.
After local electoral losses in 1994, Wałęsa issued a statement that invoked comparisons with Piłsudski, who had become dictator of Poland: "When the time comes to introduce a dictatorship, the people will force me to accept this role, and I shall not refuse."[4]
History
editBBWR was judicially registered on 30 November 1993 as a political association.[5]
At the founders' meeting on 7 January 1994, Zbigniew Religa was appointed chairman. He served as chairman until the convention of the association. In November of the same year, he resigned and left the BBWR and was replaced as head of the association by Jerzy Gwiżdż.[5]
The Nonpartisan Bloc for Support of Reforms was a political formation intended to form a backbench in the new parliament for the President of Poland, who hoped that his grouping would obtain at least 25% of the vote. At the time of its formation, a Demoskop poll gave the association the support of 18% of respondents.[6]
As a result of the parliamentary elections held on 19 September 1993, BBWR received 746,653 votes, i.e. 5.41% support, which translated into 18 parliamentary seats (16 Sejm seats and 2 Senate seats). Already at that time Lech Wałęsa began to distance himself from his new formation.[7]
In the 1995 Polish presidential election, the grouping worked towards Lech Wałęsa's re-election. Wałęsa played an anti-communist note during the first round of presidential elections, presenting himself as an anti-communist hero, a person who "had led the Russian army out of Poland" and who saw his main enemy in the post-communist formation, the Democratic Left Alliance. During the campaign, Wałęsa did not attack the other candidates of the right, ignoring them or even making conciliatory gestures, as in the case of Jan Olszewski. Such a policy was in line with the slogan 'There are many candidates - Lech Wałęsa is the only one'.[8]
Wałęsa's efficient electoral staff argued that only Wałęsa is capable of defeating post-communist Kwaśniewski. This message resonated and allowed Wałęsa to avoid elimination in the first round, despitely disastrous polling at first. After 5 November, most right-wing parties in Poland concluded the only option was to support Lech Wałęsa, despite all reservations. The second round of the election was seen a clash of completely opposite visions of how the state should function, between an anti-communist and a post-communist candidate.[8]
The National Executive Board of the People's Christian Party appealed for a vote for Lech Wałęsa, calling on its members and supporters, as well as all those who did not take part in the elections, to support the president. Its statement was: "Lech Wałęsa is not only supported by his merits in the victory over communism, the restoration of independence, the building of democracy and the free market. Lech Wałęsa is also supported by his political will and ability to take the initiative in deciding the fate of the country. We take a positive view of the style of the presidential campaign and the candidate's announcements, which speak not of creating a presidential party, but of helping to establish a right-wing and reform camp. The Candidate's international position and his firm commitment to NATO and the European Union is a very important argument. In view of the advantages of President Wałęsa and the dangers of electing A. Kwasniewski, who brings decommunization political tendencies, the return of systems and people of the People's Republic of Poland, we call on all voters who voted in the first round for Solidarity candidates to vote for Lech Wałęsa on 19 November. Together we have collected more than 50% of the vote. The advantage is on our side. We cannot waste it".[8]
Ultimately however, Wałęsa lost to Kwaśniewski in the second round, losing the presidency. Political commentators observed that despite most right-wing and anti-communist parties endorsing Wałęsa, the endorsement was not followed by unity and the anti-communist camp remained extremely disunited and was mired in in-fighting. Meanwhile, Kwaśniewski did not only enjoy an almost unanimous support of post-communist voters, but also made inroads with voters opposed to the neoliberal Balcerowicz Plan and transition of Polish economy towards capitalism. The defeat of Wałęsa dealt a decisive blow to the anti-communist camp, but also defeated the main reason for existence of the Nonpartisan Block for Support of Reforms. The party split after the election.[8]
In February 1996, Jerzy Gwiżdż was suspended, and in March he was dismissed and excluded by an extraordinary congress. He subsequently resigned from the BBWR.[5] Jerzy Gwiżdż was succeeded by Stanisław Kowolik.
During the second term of the Polish Sejm in 1993-1997, the BBWR Parliamentary Club proved to be the most divisive club. At the end of the term, its MPs were divided into several groups:
| Name | Ideological alignment | MPs | Leader |
|---|---|---|---|
| BBWR - Blok dla Polski | Christian democracy | 7 | Andrzej Gąsienica-Makowski |
| BBWR - Solidarni w Wyborach | Christian democracy | 3 | Jerzy Gwiżdż |
| Nowa Polska | Conservatism | 3 | - |
| Republicans Party | Liberal conservatism | 2 | Jerzy Eysymontt |
| National Party of Retirees and Pensioners | Democratic socialism | 1 | - |
As a result, the former President appealed to BBWR politicians to withdraw their candidatures in the next parliamentary elections - the 1997 Polish parliamentary election, which, however, the vast majority did not do. In these elections, BBWR received 1.36% of the vote and failed to gain seats in parliament. In November of the same year, the activists of BBWR decided to transform the association into a political party called Blok dla Polski.[9] At that time, Lech Wałęsa founded the party Christian Democracy of the Third Polish Republic (which included, among others, the former head of BBWR Jerzy Gwiżdż), whose environment ran in the elections from the Solidarity Electoral Action list.
Ideology
editWhile the party served first and foremost as a way for president Lech Wałęsa to extend his influence into the Sejm and thus broadly included his political supporters, the BBWR had a clear ideology. It was considered a part of the Polish family of conservative and Christian Democratic parties, with the common link between such parties being a dislike for post-communist organizations. The party put emphasis on the importance of religion and the Catholic Church in public life, campaigned on 'traditionalism' and 'family values', and evoked Polish nationalism.[10]
Because the party was formed with the aim of expanding presidential influence in parliament, it became a grouping promoting the presidential system at the expense of the parliamentary one. The program of the party had two distinct ideological currents. It heavily evoked and pledged allegiance to Catholic values, and was placed within the family of Christian Democratic parties. On the other hand, it promoted economic proposals such as the idea of giving expansive loans on beneficial conditions to every citizen, which placed the party among the populist ones. Polish political scientist Marek Migalski described the party as partway between liberalism and rigorism, which nevertheless occupied a position closer to religious values and conservatism.[10]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b Czyż, Anna; Kubas, Sebastian (2014). Państwa Grupy Wyszehradzkiej: pomiędzy przeszłością a teraźniejszością. Wybrane aspekty polityki wewnętrznej i zagranicznej (in Polish). Katowice: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego. p. 133.
Bezpartyjny Blok Wspierania Reform powstał z inicjatywy Lecha Wałęsy tuż przed wyborami w 1993 roku w celu poszerzenia prezydenckich wpływów w parlamencie. W ten sposób partia stała się ugrupowaniem promującym system prezydencki kosztem parlamentarno-gabinetowego. Program BBWR był niespójny. Z jednej strony zawierał wartości chrześcijańskie, co mogło sytuować partię w gronie podmiotów chadeckich. Z drugiej strony pomysł udzielania drogich kredytów każdemu obywatelowi sytuował partię w gronie populistycznych.
[The Nonpartisan Bloc for Support of Reforms was formed on the initiative of Lech Wałęsa just before the 1993 elections with the aim of expanding presidential influence in parliament. In this way, the party became a grouping promoting the presidential system at the expense of the parliamentary-cabinet system. BBWR's programme was inconsistent. On the one hand, it contained Christian values, which placed the party among the Christian Democratic parties. On the other hand, the idea of giving expensive loans to every citizen placed the party among the populist ones.] - ^ Andrzej Antoszewski [in Polish] (2005). Partie polityczne Europy Środkowej i Wschodniej (in Polish). Poznań-Wrocław: Wyższa Szkoła Zarządzania i Bankowości w Poznaniu. p. 91. ISBN 83-88544-63-2.
W Polsce do ugrupowań konserwatywnych zaliczyć można Unię Polityki Realnej (w wyborach 1991, 1993 i 1997), Ruch Odbudowy Polski (w wyborach 1997 i 2001), Koalicję dla Rzeczypospolitej i Bezpartyjny Blok Wspierania Reform (w wyborach 1993), Stronnictwo Konserwatywno-Ludowe, startujące w ramach Akcji Wyborczej „Solidarność" w 1997 r. oraz w ramach Platformy Obywatelskiej w 2001 r., i wreszcie Prawo i Sprawiedliwość (w wyborach 2001).
[In Poland, conservative groupings include the Union for Real Politics (in the 1991, 1993 and 1997 elections), the Movement for Poland's Reconstruction (in the 1997 and 2001 elections), the Coalition for the Republic and the NonPartisan Bloc for Support of Reforms (in the 1993 elections), the Conservative and Popular Party, running as part of the Solidarity Electoral Action in 1997 and as part of the Civic Platform in 2001, and finally the Law and Justice Party (in the 2001 election).] - ^ Stodolny, Marek (24 June 2015). Ruch Konserwatywno–Ludowy w III RP (in Polish). Poznań: Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu. p. 235.
Należy także pamiętać, że w kampanię Wałęsy zaangażował się NSZZ ,,Solidarność" oraz szereg partii centroprawicowych: Bezpartyjny Blok Wspierania Reform, Stronnictwo Narodowo-Demokratyczne, Ruch dla Rzeczypospolitej, mniejsze ugrupowania tworzące Sekretariat Ugrupowań Centroprawicowych, Porozumienie Ludowe czy też część członków ZChN z prominentnymi politykami, jak Henryk Goryszewski, Halina Nowina-Konopka i Jan Łopuszański.
[It should also be remembered that the NSZZ ,,Solidarność" and a number of centre-right parties were involved in Wałęsa's campaign: The Nonpartisan Bloc for Support of Reforms, the National Democratic Party, the Movement for the Republic, smaller groupings forming the Secretariat of Centre-Right Groupings, the People's Agreement or some members of the ZChN with prominent politicians such as Henryk Goryszewski, Halina Nowina-Konopka and Jan Łopuszański.] - ^ Visions of the Past Are Competing for Votes in Poland. New York Times, 12 September 1993. "The kind of distant chauvinism Mr. Havel talked about is evident in symbols chosen by President Lech Walesa, the former Solidarity leader, who formed a new party two months ago to contest the elections and is calling it the "non-party movement for reform." Its acronym, BBWR, duplicates the initials of a "non-party party" led by Marshal Jozef Pilsudski, who seized dictatorial powers in a 1926 coup."
- ^ a b c Paszkiewicz, Krystyna (2004). Partie i koalicje polityczne III Rzeczypospolitej (in Polish). Wrocław: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego. p. 14. ISBN 8322924933.
- ^ Dudek, Antoni [in Polish] (2013). Historia polityczna Polski 1989–2012 (in Polish). Kraków: Znak. p. 281. ISBN 978-83-240-2130-7.
- ^ Paszkiewicz, Krystyna (2004). Partie i koalicje polityczne III Rzeczypospolitej (in Polish). Wrocław: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego. p. 13. ISBN 8322924933.
- ^ a b c d Stodolny, Marek (24 June 2015). Ruch Konserwatywno–Ludowy w III RP (in Polish). Poznań: Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu. pp. 235–236.
- ^ Paszkiewicz, Krystyna (2004). Partie i koalicje polityczne III Rzeczypospolitej (in Polish). Wrocław: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego. p. 16. ISBN 8322924933.
- ^ a b Czyż, Anna; Kubas, Sebastian (2014). Państwa Grupy Wyszehradzkiej: pomiędzy przeszłością a teraźniejszością. Wybrane aspekty polityki wewnętrznej i zagranicznej (in Polish). Katowice: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego. pp. 133–134.