Norfolk 17 was a group of African American students in Norfolk, Virginia who were admitted to all-white schools on February 2, 1959.
Background
editIn April 1951, African American students protested outside of their school in Farmville, Virginia for better education to escape the horrible conditions they had been enduring at school. Exactly thirty days after their protest, the NAACP filed a lawsuit to end segregation on May 23, 1951. It took three years after that for the U.S. Supreme Court to rule in Brown v. Board of Education stating that segregation in schools was unconstitutional.[1] On August 27, 1956, Governor Thomas B. Stanley created the Stanley Plan which threatened to stop funding for schools who planned to integrate students. Realizing this was unruly, District Court Judge Walter E. Hoffman ruled that black students were required to be admitted into all-white schools in order to abide by the 1954 Brown v. Board of Education case that overturned the concept of "separate but equal".[2]
Opponents to integration in Virginia also attempted to enact Massive Resistance, a strategy declared by Senator Harry F. Byrd and supported by Virginia Governor J. Lindsay Almond Jr. and Norfolk Mayor Kevin Duckworth, all of whom were influential politicians at the time. They anticipated federal integration of schools by threatening a law that any school in Virginia would close automatically if they forced to integrate by the federal government.[2] Norfolk was one of six communities that was impacted by this event, which involved school closings. This displaced 10,000 students and was considered the largest school closing in Virginia.[3]
Norfolk 17
editThe Norfolk segregationist school board eventually relented and made a decision to admit African American students if they were able to pass an admissions exam and go through entrance interviews.[3] A reported 151 students took and failed the exam and it was not until later that the students discovered that they were being tested on topics that were one to three grades above their current level.[4] Judge Hoffman expressed disbelief that all of the students failed the exam and demanded that some be admitted. As a result of this ruling seventeen students were admitted into all-white schools on February 2, 1959.[5] They were prepared before attending the schools to expect what was to come and were given instructions on what to do if they experienced actions such as being spit on or pushed down stairs.[6] The principal of the First Baptist Church also helped tutor the students so they were familiar with the same lessons that were taught to the white students.[2][7]
Upon arriving at their respective schools on the first day the students experienced a mob of white people throwing projectiles at them and taking pictures. Police were called to protect them, however the officers only prevented the mob from throwing logs and stones, while ignoring that the students were being pelted with sticks and pebbles.[3] The Norfolk 17 have described the school environments as "hell",[1] stating that they were spit on, knocked down stairs, and had personal belongings destroyed. They were also instructed to sit by the door in case they needed to escape easily and to sit at the front of the class where the teacher could see if one of their peers did something to them. Their fellow students would also cover up their faces as the African-American students entered the room.[3] Despite being met with hostility, the Norfolk 17 stated that they did not miss a day of school and that they endured the pain everyday to ensure that desegregation would happen.[1]
Graduation and legacy
editAfter graduation several members of the group went on to earn their PhD and some, such as Andrew Heidelberg, wrote books about their experiences.[8] They also advocate in order to keep the group's legacy active.[9] In February 2019 the city of Norfolk celebrated the 60th anniversary of The Norfolk 17 and their admission into all-white schools in Norfolk, Virginia.[3]
Members
edit| Norfolk 17 | Name | School Attended |
|---|---|---|
| Louis Cousins | Maury High | |
| Olivia Driver | Norview High | |
| LaVera Forbes | Norview Jr. High | |
| Patricia Godbolt | Norview High | |
| Alvarez Fredrick Gonsouland | Norview High | |
| Andrew Heidelberg | Norview High | |
| Delores Johnson | Norview High | |
| Edward Jordan | Norview Jr. High | |
| Lolita Portis | Blair Jr. High | |
| Betty Jean Reed | Granby High | |
| Johnnie Rouse | Norview High | |
| Geraldine Talley | North Side Jr. High | |
| James Turner Jr. | Norview Jr. High | |
| Patricia Turner | Norview Jr. High | |
| Carol Wellington | Norview Jr. High | |
| Claudia Wellington | Norview Jr. High | |
| Reginald Young | Blair Jr. High |
Further reading
edit- Brown, Dr Delores Johnson (April 25, 2016). Bullying Must Go: Says a Norfolk 17 Hero. iUniverse. ISBN 978-1-4917-7862-3.
- Heidelberg, Andrew I. (2006). The Norfolk 17: A Personal Narrative on Desegregation in Norfolk, Virginia, in 1958-1962. Dorrance Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8059-7305-1.
- Turner, Dr Patricia; Stockdale, Stephanie (June 28, 2013). Today I Met a Rainbow: The Story of Patricia Turner. Author House. ISBN 978-1-4918-1085-9.
References
edit- ^ a b c "The Norfolk 17". WHRO. Retrieved November 5, 2019.
- ^ a b c "Desegregation Of Norfolk Public Schools And The Norfolk 17". Coastal Virginia Magazine. Retrieved November 5, 2019.
- ^ a b c d e "Hidden History: The Norfolk 17". WAVY.com. February 26, 2019. Retrieved November 5, 2019.
- ^ "The Norfolk 17". BlackPublicMedia.org. March 13, 2007. Retrieved November 4, 2019.
- ^ Daugherity, Brian J. (August 3, 2016). Keep On Keeping On: The NAACP and the Implementation of Brown v. Board of Education in Virginia. University of Virginia Press. ISBN 978-0-8139-3890-5.
- ^ Littlejohn, Jeffrey L.; Ford, Charles H. (August 20, 2012). Elusive Equality: Desegregation and Resegregation in Norfolk's Public Schools. University of Virginia Press. ISBN 978-0-8139-3289-7.
- ^ Watson, Denise. "The Norfolk 17 face a hostile reception as schools reopen". pilotonline.com. Retrieved December 12, 2019.
- ^ The HistoryMakers video oral history with Andrew Heidelberg., interviewed by Larry F. Crowe, OCLC 997169088, retrieved November 27, 2019
- ^ PBS, Bringing It Together: The Norfolk 17, retrieved November 27, 2019