The Norilsk uprising was a major strike by Gulag inmates in Gorlag, a MVD special camp for political prisoners, and later in the two camps of Norillag [ITL], Norilsk, USSR, now Russia, in the summer of 1953, shortly after Joseph Stalin's death. About 70%[1] of inmates were Ukrainians, some of whom had been sentenced for 25 years because of MGB accusations of being involved in the "Bandera standard".[1] It was the first major revolt within the Gulag system in 1953–1954,[2] although earlier numerous cases of unrest in Gulag camps are known. It was led by Pavel Frenkiel in 1st camp, by Boris Shamaev in 3rd camp, by Yevhen Hrytsyak in 4th camp, by Pavel Filnev in 5th camp and by Lesya Zelenska in 6th camp.[3][4][5]
| Norilsk uprising | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of the Gulag uprisings during de-Stalinization | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
 Prisoners | |||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
|
Pavel Frenkel Mikhail Izmailov Boris Shamaev Ivan Vorobyov Evgeny Gritsyak Pavel Filnev Aleksandra Zelenskaya |
Mikhail Kuznetsov Alexander Sirotkin Ivan Semyonov | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
| 16,378 people | No data | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| 1,000 people killed and wounded | No data | ||||||
History
editBetween May 26 and August 4, 1953, the inmates of the Gorlag-Main camp went on worker' strike, which lasted 69 days. This was the longest uprising in the history of the Gulag. According to Soviet archives, there were up to 16,378 inmates on strike at the same time. It is significant that the uprising took place before the arrest of Lavrentiy Beria and its suppression coincided with news of his arrest. The preconditions for the uprising can be seen as the following: the arrival of waves of prisoners to the Gorlag, who had participated in the uprisings of 1952, the death of Stalin on March 5, 1953, and the fact that the amnesty that followed his death only applied to (non-political) criminals and convicts with short prison terms, the percentage of which was very low in Gorlag. There were two camp systems in vicinity of Norilsk. The majority of inmates in special camp Gorlag had been convicted for political crimes. The majority of prisoners in Norillag belonged to non-political criminals, so called bytoviki. The uprising was provoked by the shooting of several prisoners on the orders of the camp administration. All categories of inmates took part in the uprising, with the leading roles played by former military men and participants of national liberation movements of western Ukraine, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia and Georgia.
The inmates did not have any weapons, although initially during the inquest it was suggested by the Ministry of Internal Affairs to classify the uprising as "an anti-Soviet armed counter-revolutionary uprising". (Eventually the Soviet court used the term "mass insubordination of the inmates to the camp administration".) The action was not simply a strike: actions included a wide spectrum of nonviolent forms of protest within the Soviet law: meetings, letters to government, hunger strikes. For this reason, the term "Uprising of the Spirit"[4] was suggested, as a form of nonviolent protest against the Gulag system.[1] An account of life in the Norlisk Gulag, and the uprising, can be found in the memoirs of inmate Danylo Shumuk.[6]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b c Фініковський, Ю. (2020). Участь Данила Шумука у Норильському повстанні 1953 року (Рarticipation of Danylo Shumuk in the Norilsk uprising). Наукові записки Національного університету «Острозька академія». Серія «Історичні науки», (Вип. 30), 98-104.
- ^ William D. Pederson, "Norilsk Uprising of 1953," Modern Encyclopedia of Russian and Soviet History (Gulf Breeze, Florida: Academic International Press, 1976) Vol. 25
- ^ Leader Of 1953 Soviet Gulag Uprising Dies In Ukraine At 90
- ^ a b Makarova, Alla. Norilsk uprising. Volya. A Journal of prisoners of totalitarian systems. 1993. # 1. pp. 68–108. (In Russian), Макарова А. Б., Норильское восстание // "Воля", журнал узников тоталитарных систем 1993, № 1, с. 68–108 [1]
- ^ № 117–187 Волнения заключенных Горного лагеря (24 мая - 7 июля 1953 г.) // История Сталинского ГУЛАГа. Восстания, бунты и забастовки заключенных. Т. 6. М.: РОССПЭН. С. 320–413.
- ^ Shumuk, Danylo (1984). Jaworsky, Ivan (ed.). Life Sentence: Memoirs of a Ukrainian Political Prisoner Za skhidnim obriiem. Translated by Jaworsky, Ivan; Kowalska, Halya (1st ed.). Canada: Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies. pp. 183–285. ISBN 0920862195.
External links
edit- History of the Norilsk Uprising – A Brief Record of Events", a memoir by Yevhen Hrytsyak (Євген Грицяк) (in Ukrainian)
- IEvhen Hrytsiak, "The Norilsk uprising: Short memoirs", Munchen, Ukrainisches Institut fur Bildungspolitik (1984) 63p.