Norman expedition to Tripoli (1143)

Norman Expedition to Tripoli
	Part of Norman conquest of North Africa
Date	1143
Location	Tripoli, Libya
Result	Khazrunid victory
Belligerents
Khazrunid Dynasty	Kingdom of Sicily
Commanders and leaders
Muhammad ibn Khazrun	Roger II
Strength
Unknown	Unknown
Casualties and losses
Unknown	Unknown

The Norman Expedition to Tripoli was one of the many conflicts between the Kingdom of Sicily and the Zirids allied with the Banu Khazrun, where the Normans attempted to expand their influence in North Africa.

Expedition

Roger II initiated an expedition in 1143 with the objective of capturing Tripoli, an additional port under the dominion of Banu Khazrun which controlled a part of Ifriqiya. The expedition was unsuccessful because the neighboring Banu Khazrun tribes staunchly defended the city.^[1]^[2]^[3]

Aftermath

After the failure of the 1143 expedition, Norman fleets instead conducted raids along the Maghreb coast, extending as far as contemporary western Algeria, through 1144 and 1145.^[1] A famine by 1146 forced the people of the city to drive out the Banu Khazrun. Roger was able to take the city in 1146 or 1147 at last because of this. Around this time, the dynasty's rule came to an end, and the Normans began to exert influence over the coastal cities in this area.^[4]^[5]^[6]

References

^ ^a ^b Theotokis, Georgios (2020). Warfare in the Norman Mediterranean. Boydell & Brewer. ISBN 978-1-78327-521-2.
^ Birk, Joshua C. (2017-01-11). Norman Kings of Sicily and the Rise of the Anti-Islamic Critique: Baptized Sultans. Springer. ISBN 978-3-319-47042-9.
^ Bosworth, C. Edmund (2007-08-31). Historic Cities of the Islamic World. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-474-2383-6.
^ The encyclopaedia of Islam. 2008,1. Leiden: Brill. 2008. ISBN 978-90-04-16165-8.
^ Christie, Niall (2017-06-01). "The Race for Paradise: An Islamic History of the Crusades. By Paul M. Cobb. (Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press, 2014. Pp. xxii, 335. $31.95.)". The Historian. 79 (2): 327–328. doi:10.1111/hisn.12508. ISSN 0018-2370. S2CID 149008891.
^ Johns, Jeremy (2002-10-07). Arabic Administration in Norman Sicily. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511550386. ISBN 978-0-521-81692-2.

[:0-1] Theotokis, Georgios (2020). Warfare in the Norman Mediterranean. Boydell & Brewer. ISBN 978-1-78327-521-2.

[2] Birk, Joshua C. (2017-01-11). Norman Kings of Sicily and the Rise of the Anti-Islamic Critique: Baptized Sultans. Springer. ISBN 978-3-319-47042-9.

[3] Bosworth, C. Edmund (2007-08-31). Historic Cities of the Islamic World. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-474-2383-6.

[4] The encyclopaedia of Islam. 2008,1. Leiden: Brill. 2008. ISBN 978-90-04-16165-8.

[5] Christie, Niall (2017-06-01). "The Race for Paradise: An Islamic History of the Crusades. By Paul M. Cobb. (Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press, 2014. Pp. xxii, 335. $31.95.)". The Historian. 79 (2): 327–328. doi:10.1111/hisn.12508. ISSN 0018-2370. S2CID 149008891.

[6] Johns, Jeremy (2002-10-07). Arabic Administration in Norman Sicily. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511550386. ISBN 978-0-521-81692-2.

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