Wikipedia

Northern Iraq offensive (August 2014)

Not to be confused with 2014 Islamic State invasion of Iraq.

Between 1 and 15 August 2014, the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) expanded territory in northern Iraq under their control. In the region north and west from Mosul, the Islamic State conquered Zumar, Sinjar, Wana, Mosul Dam, Qaraqosh, Tel Keppe, Batnaya and Kocho, and in the region south and east of Mosul the towns Bakhdida, Karamlish, Bartella and Makhmour

Northern Iraq offensive (August 2014)
Part of the War in Iraq
Date1–19 August 2014
(2 weeks and 4 days)
Location
Nineveh and Kirkuk Governorates
Result

Partial ISIL victory

  • ISIL besieges Yazidi refugees on Mount Sinjar after the withdrawal of Kurdish forces
  • ISIL repels Iraqi military attack on Tikrit
Territorial
changes
  • ISIL captures Sinjar, the Mosul Dam, and eight other towns
  • Peshmerga and Iraqi special forces recapture the Mosul Dam, Mount Zartak and two towns
    • Belligerents

    Republic of Iraq

    United States United States[3]

    Kurdistan Region

    PKK[10]

     Rojava

    		 Islamic State[17]
    Commanders and leaders

    Haider al-Abadi
    Ali Ghaidan
    Ahmed Saadi †[18]

    Masoud Barzani
    Jaafar Sheikh Mustafa
    Mustafa Said Qadir
    Murat Karayılan
    Cemil Bayık
    Salih Muslim
    Sipan Hamo
    Polat Can

    Gewargis Hanna
    Yonadam Kanna
    Qasim Şeşo    		 Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi
    Strength

    150,000 federal soldiers[19][20]
    60,000 militiamen[21]
    3,000 Iranian Quds Force[22][23]
    1,000 U.S. troops[24]

    190,000 Kurdish peshmerga[25]    		 20,000–31,500[26]
    Casualties and losses
    1,652 killed
    1,460 wounded[27]    		 3,112 killed[28]
    673 wounded[29]
    5,000 Yazidis killed[30] 5,000–7,000 Yazidis abducted[31]

    The offensive resulted in 200,000 Yazidi civilians and 100,000 Assyrians driven from their homes, 5,000 Yazidi men massacred, 5,000–7,000 Yazidi women enslaved, and a foreign military intervention against the Islamic State.

    After the withdrawal of Iraqi federal forces from advancing Islamic state troops from many cities, and later the withdrawal of Kurdish Peshmerga fighters from many positions including the Qaraqosh and Sinjar, [32] 50,000 of Sinjar's Yazidis took refuge in the adjacent Sinjar Mountains, where they lacked food, water, and other necessities. While providing help and aid to refugees, an Iraqi helicopter crashed, killing the pilot and injuring several passengers, including an Iraqi member of parliament and a photographer on assignment for TIME. [33] 35,000 to 45,000 of them were evacuated within several weeks after the United States bombed ISIL positions, and the Iraqi armed forces, Kurdish People's Defence Forces, People's Protection Units, and Peshmerga forces opened a humanitarian corridor to enable their escape. Some ISIL-controlled territory was retaken; a subsequent Kurdish counter-attack recaptured the Mosul Dam and several other nearby towns.

    Background

    edit
    Main article: 2014 Islamic State invasion of Iraq

    In June 2014, Islamic State invaded and conquered significant territories in western and northern Iraq, including the cities of Mosul, Iraq's second largest town, with over a million residents, and Tikrit, 200 km south of Mosul. Iraqi federal military forces withdrew from the advancing ISIL troops and Kurdish Peshmerga fighters withdrew from Qaraqosh and Sinjar and later took over the control of a wide territory in northern Iraq outside the Kurdistan Region from the federal Iraqi government.[34][35][36] A former commander of the Iraqi ground forces, Ali Ghaidan, accused former Prime Minister Nuri al-Maliki of being the one who issued the order to withdraw.[37]

    ISIL assault

    edit
    See also: Timeline of ISIL related events § August 2014
    • 1 August

    Friday 1 August 2014, ISIL attacked a Peshmerga post in Zumar, 40 km northwest of Mosul, in the peshmerga-controlled zone of northern Iraq, and a nearby oil-winning facility and the nearby Mosul Dam, Iraq's largest dam and an important supplier of electricity and water.[35][38] The Peshmerga fought off ISIL, killing 100 ISIL fighters, according to Kurdish sources, but also losing 14 Peshmerga fighters.[35]

    • 2–3 August
    See also: Sinjar massacre and Battle of Zumar

    Sunday 3 August, ISIL, with heavy weaponry seized from the Iraqi federal army,[36][39] in the darkness of morning seized first the town of Zumar and then Sinjar (90 km southwest of Zumar),[38] and the surrounding Sinjar area.[40] ISIL routed from those towns the Kurdish peshmerga troops that since June more or less controlled the region.[38] A spokesman of citizens who fled from Sinjar said, that 250 peshmerga in Sinjar had withdrawn from Sinjar in the night, leaving the civilians unprotected.[41]

    ISIL on 3 August also took control of the oil facility in the Zumar subdistrict.[35][38] Later that day, ISIL also captured the town of Wana between Zumar and Mosul.[38] There were conflicting reports about whether the Mosul Dam was still in Kurdish hands[38] or captured by ISIL.[42]

    • 4 August

    ISIL surrounded the village of Kocho near the Sinjar Mountains, demanding its Yazidi residents to convert or die.[43]

    • 6 August

    ISIL on 6 August advanced up to 40 km southwest of Erbil, the capital of autonomous region Kurdistan Region.[39]

    • 7 August
    Further information: Genocide of Yazidis by ISIL and Persecution of Christians by ISIL

    On 7 August, ISIL took control of Qaraqosh (or Bakhdida), the largest Christian town of Iraq, 30 km southeast of Mosul and 60 km west of Erbil, Karamlish, 5 km from Qaraqosh, Tal Keif (Tel Keppe), Batnaya, just north of Mosul, and Bartella, just east of Mosul.[44][45] Kurdish forces had retreated from Qaraqosh and surrounding area, which caused civilians to flee in panic.[46] The Chaldaic archbishop of Kirkuk and Sulaymaniyah, Joseph Thomas, stated that "all inhabitants" of those four cities were fleeing their town.[44]

    ISIL also captured the strategic[47] town of Makhmour in the Battle of Makhmour,[48] between Mosul and Kirkuk, 20 miles from Erbil.[47] There were conflicting remarks—in one newspaper—as to whether ISIL had 'seized' the Mosul Dam or was making 'efforts to seize' it.[46] That week, ISIL also overran other towns in northwest Iraq, chasing Kurdish Peshmerga troops away.[36][39]

    At this time, the U.S. started airdropping food and water for the Yazidi refugees stranded in the Sinjar Mountains.[49]

    • 8–9 August

    On 8 August, the U.S. started to conduct airstrikes on ISIL, first west of Erbil to stop ISIL's advance on the city. Starting on 9 August, airstrikes also took place around the Sinjar Mountains. By this time, ISIL had also seized the Mosul Dam, 40 km northwest of Mosul on the Tigris river.[36]

    Iraqi/Kurdish/US counter-attack

    edit

    U.S intervention

    edit
    Main article: American-led intervention in Iraq (2014–present) § Military aid to the Kurds

    On 5 August, the United States began with directly supplying munitions to the Iraqi Kurdish Peshmerga forces and, with Iraq's agreement, the shipment of weapons to the Kurds.[50]

    Main articles: American-led intervention in Iraq (2014–present) § Chronology, and Sinjar massacre § Clearing a path for Yazidis

    Following the start of U.S. airstrikes on 8 August, between 9 and 13 August, the American air-strikes and efforts from Iraqi, Syrian and Turkish Kurds enabled the evacuation of 35,000 to 45,000 of the 50,000 Yazidis stranded in the Sinjar Mountains.

    On 10 August, encouraged by American airstrikes, Kurdish Peshmerga forces retook the strategic towns of Gwer and Makhmour, both about 20 miles from Erbil.[47] American fighter jets bombarded areas in Makhmour, forcing ISIL fighters to abandon their positions, and Kurdish Peshmerga together with Kurdish PKK fighters and civilian volunteers from the area reclaimed the village.[48]

    On 15 August, ISIL moved into the village Kocho, which they had held surrounded since 4 August, shot 80 Yazidi men dead with assault rifles, and abducted their wives and children.[43]

    Reclaiming the Mosul Dam

    edit
    See also: Battle for Mosul Dam and American-led intervention in Iraq (2014–present) § Retaking Mosul Dam

    From 16 until 18 August, the U.S. conducted 35 airstrikes against ISIL positions at the strategically critical Mosul Dam. This allowed Kurdish and Iraqi forces to move swiftly and with cooperation towards Mosul Dam.[43][51]

    On the morning of 17 August, Kurdish forces, supported by U.S. and Iraqi airstrikes, attacked the dam. They quickly captured the eastern part of the dam, but fighting continued.[52] By the evening, Kurdish and Iraqi forces had recaptured most of the facility, but were still in the process of removing mines and booby traps left by ISIL. U.S. warplanes destroyed or damaged 19 ISIL vehicles and one checkpoint during the battle.[53]

    On 18 August, the U.S. president confirmed Kurdish Peshmerga ground troops, with the help of Iraqi Special Forces, overran ISIL militants and reclaimed the Mosul Dam.[51]

    Iraqi move on Tikrit

    edit

    On the morning of 19 August, Iraqi government troops and allied militiamen launched an operation to retake the city of Tikrit from ISIL. The military push started early in the morning from the south and southwest of the city, which lies around 160 kilometres north of the Iraqi capital Baghdad.[54][55]

     
    Demonstration in Paris 23 August 2014, to support Kurds and Yazidis threatened by ISIL

    However, by the afternoon, the offensive had been repelled by ISIL.[54] Also, the Iraqi military lost its positions in the southern area of the city it had captured a few weeks earlier.[56]

    Humanitarian reaction

    edit
    Further information: American-led intervention in Iraq (2014–present) § Humanitarian efforts; and Sinjar massacre § Iraqi/US/UK/Australian food drops, U.S. air strikes

    On 5 August, Iraqi military helicopters started dropping food and water for the Yazidis in the Sinjar Mountains.[57]

    On 7 August, the U.S. also started airdropping food and water for the Yazidi refugees stranded in the Sinjar Mountains.[49]

    On 10 August, the United Kingdom also began airdropping humanitarian aid in northern Iraq.[58]

    Civilian casualties

    edit
    Further information: Sinjar massacre, Genocide of Yazidis by ISIL, and Persecution of Christians by ISIL

    The ISIL capture of Sinjar on 3 August was accompanied by a massacre of thousands of Yazidi men, the selling of women into slavery, and 200,000 civilians fleeing Sinjar, of whom 50,000 fled to Mount Sinjar.

    ISIL ordered the Yazidi minority in the area to convert to Islam, pay jizyah, or face death. This prompted tens of thousands to flee their homes[39] not only in Sinjar city but in many other villages; for example, 300 Yazidi families fled the villages of Koja, Hatimiya and Qaboshi.[36]

    The UN reported in October 2014 that ISIL, "sweeping" through Iraqi territory inhabited by Yazidis in August, had gunned down 5,000 Yazidi male civilians in a series of massacres and detained 5,000–7,000 Yazidi women to be sold as slaves or given to jihadists.[citation needed]

    On 7 August, the UN reported that since 2 August 200,000 new refugees had been seeking sanctuary in the Kurdish north of Iraq from ISIL.[59]

    100,000 Christians, 25% of Iraq's Christianity, fled Bakhdida (Qaraqosh) and neighbouring villages and towns in the Nineveh Governorate after ISIL's invasion on 7 August, leaving all their property behind, many of them fleeing to Kurdistan Region.[60] According to local officials, this August ISIL advance nearly purged northwestern Iraq of most of its Christian (Assyrian) population.[45]

    See also

    edit

    References

    edit
    1. ^ Raheem Salman; Ahmed Rasheed (14 June 2014). "Iraq says slows Islamist rebel advance, regains some territory". Reuters. Archived from the original on 1 November 2020.
    2. ^ "Tony Blair: 'We didn't cause Iraq crisis". BBC News. 15 June 2014.
    3. ^ "US conducts 2nd airdrop of food, water to Iraqi refugees after airstrikes". Fox News. Retrieved 16 October 2014.
    4. ^ "U.S. Navy Strikes ISIS Targets in Iraq". USNI. 8 August 2014.
    5. ^ "U.S. provides aid to Yezidis". USAF. 14 August 2014.
    6. ^ Van Heuvelen, Ben. "Amid turmoil, Iraq's Kurdish region is laying foundation for independent state". Washington Post. Retrieved 13 June 2014. Kurdistan's military forces … have taken over many of the northernmost positions abandoned by the national army, significantly expanding the zone of Kurdish control... "In most places, we aren't bothering them [ISIS], and they aren't bothering us – or the civilians," said Lt. Gen. Shaukur Zibari, a pesh merga commander.
    7. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 14 August 2014. Retrieved 14 August 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
    8. ^ "Member of Iraq's Parliament Requests Creation of Assyrian Christian Security Force". Aina.org. Retrieved 16 October 2014.
    9. ^ "مسيحيو العراق يتطوعون في قوات الدفاع عن المناطق المسيحية". LBC. Retrieved 26 August 2014.
    10. ^ a b c d "U.S. airstrikes helped, but Kurds from Syria turned tide against Islamic State". The State. 12 August 2014. Archived from the original on 13 August 2014. Retrieved 13 August 2014.
    11. ^ a b "Rückeroberung von Jalula: YRK und HPJ entsenden Guerillakräfte" (in German). Kürdische Nachrichten. 13 August 2014. Archived from the original on 15 December 2014. Retrieved 2 September 2014.
    12. ^ a b "YRK-HPJ gerillaları Celawla yolunda" (in Turkish). Firat News Agency. 13 August 2014. Archived from the original on 16 August 2014. Retrieved 2 September 2014.
    13. ^ "No Escape from Mount Sinjar". Foreign Policy. 4 November 2014. Retrieved 7 November 2014.
    14. ^ "Presence of the MFS at the border of Iraq". Syriac International News Agency. 16 June 2014. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 30 July 2014.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
    15. ^ a b Haqiqi, Fuad (25 August 2014). "In Iran, Limited Support for IS Among Small Number of Salafis". Rudaw English. Retrieved 2 September 2014.
    16. ^ Muhammad, Kamran (11 August 2014). "PDKI Peshmerga Forces Fought Bravely in the Liberation of Makhmour and Gwer". PDKI Official Website. Archived from the original on 25 August 2014. Retrieved 2 September 2014.
    17. ^ Iraq crisis: Isis declares its territories a new Islamic state with 'restoration of caliphate' in Middle East – Middle East – World – The Independent
    18. ^ Rubin, Alissa J. (16 August 2014). "On a Helicopter, Going Down: Inside a Lethal Crash in Iraq". The New York Times. Retrieved 16 October 2014.
    19. ^ Peter Beaumont (12 June 2014). "How effective is Isis compared with the Iraqi army and Kurdish peshmerga?". The Guardian. Retrieved 27 June 2014.
    20. ^ "Iraqi forces are much stronger than ISIS, but the Iraqi army is kind of a mess". Vox. 20 November 2018.
    21. ^ "THE POPULAR MOBILIZATION FORCES AND IRAQ'S FUTURE" (PDF).
    22. ^ Shane, Scott. "Iranian Force, Focus of U.S., Still a Mystery Archived 1 July 2017 at the Wayback Machine", New York Times, 17 February 2007. Retrieved 17 February 2007.
    23. ^ "Iran sends troops into Iraq to aid fight against Isis militants". The Guardian. 14 June 2014.
    24. ^ "U.S. mission in Iraq could expand, Pentagon official says". Navy Times. Retrieved 16 October 2014.
    25. ^ Peter Beaumont (12 June 2014). "How effective is Isis compared with the Iraqi army and Kurdish peshmerga?". The Guardian. Retrieved 27 June 2014.
    26. ^ "ISIS militants have army of 200,000, claims senior Kurdish leader". el-balad.com. Archived from the original on 20 November 2014. Retrieved 16 November 2014.
    27. ^ Griffis, Margaret (2 September 2014). "4,800 Killed in Iraq During August". Antiwar.
    28. ^ Griffis, Margaret (2 September 2014). "4,800 Killed in Iraq During August". Antiwar.
    29. ^ Griffis, Margaret (2 September 2014). "4,800 Killed in Iraq During August". Antiwar.
    30. ^ "UN confirms massacre of thousands of Yazidis by jihadis in 'cold blood'". Independent.ie. 15 October 2014. Retrieved 16 October 2014.
    31. ^ "UN confirms massacre of thousands of Yazidis by jihadis in 'cold blood'". Independent.ie. 15 October 2014. Retrieved 16 October 2014.
    32. ^ "Iraq Christians flee as Islamic State takes Qaraqosh". BBC News. 7 August 2014. Retrieved 22 January 2022.
    33. ^ "Helicopter Delivering Aid to Refugees Crashes in Sinjar Mountains". Time. Retrieved 22 January 2022.
    34. ^ "Iraq Christians flee as Islamic State takes Qaraqosh". BBC News. 7 August 2014. Retrieved 22 January 2022.
    35. ^ a b c d "Jihadists kill dozens as Iraq fighting rages". Al Arabiya. 2 August 2014. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
    36. ^ a b c d e "Obama says tackling Iraq's insurgency will take time". Reuters. 9 August 2014. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
    37. ^ "قائد عسكري سابق: المالكي أمر بسحب القوات من الموصل". www.aljazeera.net (in Arabic). Retrieved 22 January 2022.
    38. ^ a b c d e f Arango, Tim (3 August 2014). "Sunni Extremists in Iraq Seize 3 Towns From Kurds and Threaten Major Dam". The New York Times. Retrieved 20 August 2014.
    39. ^ a b c d "Kurds, Islamic State clash near Kurdish regional capital: Kurdish official". Asharq al-Awsat. 6 August 2014. Archived from the original on 28 January 2015. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
    40. ^ Salih, Mohammed; van Wilgenburg, Wladimir (5 August 2014). "Iraqi Yazidis: 'If we move they will kill us'". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 12 April 2015.
    41. ^ Shelton, Tracey (29 August 2014). "'If it wasn't for the Kurdish fighters, we would have died up there'". Global Post. Retrieved 2 September 2014.
    42. ^ "ISIS takes over Iraq's biggest dam". Al Arabiya. 3 August 2014. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
    43. ^ a b c "Militants massacre 80 Yazidis; airstrikes target insurgents around Iraq's largest dam". thestar.com. 16 August 2014. Retrieved 19 March 2015.
    44. ^ a b ‘Des djihadistes prennent la plus grande ville chrétienne d'Irak’ (Jihadists take the largest Christian town of Iraq). Le Figaro, 7 August 2014. Retrieved 17 March 2015.
    45. ^ a b (subscription needed) "Barack Obama Approves Airstrikes on Iraq, Airdrops Aid". Wall Street Journal. 8 August 2014. Retrieved 16 October 2014.
    46. ^ a b "U.S. airstrikes target Islamic State militants in northern Iraq". The Washington Post. 8 August 2014. Retrieved 19 March 2015.
    47. ^ a b c ‘Capitalizing on U.S. Bombing, Kurds Retake Iraqi Towns’. New York Times, 10 August 2014. Retrieved 19 March 2015.
    48. ^ a b "In Pictures: The Kurdish frontline in Iraq". Al Jazeera. 13 August 2014. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
    49. ^ a b "Obama Authorizes Air Strikes in Iraq". ABC News. 7 August 2014. Retrieved 18 August 2014.
    50. ^ Khalilzad, Zalmay (5 August 2014). "To fight the Islamic State, Kurdish and Iraqi forces need expedited aid". The Washington Post. Retrieved 8 November 2014.
    51. ^ a b "Troops in Iraq Rout Sunni Militants From a Key Dam". The New York Times. 18 August 2014. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
    52. ^ "Kurdish forces take parts of Mosul dam from Isis fighters". The Guardian. 17 August 2014. Retrieved 16 October 2014.
    53. ^ "Kurdish forces 'break IS hold on Mosul dam'". BBC News. 17 August 2014. Retrieved 16 October 2014.
    54. ^ a b "Isis fighters show strength as they repel Iraqi army's attempt to retake Tikrit". The Guardian. 19 August 2014. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
    55. ^ "Iraqi Forces Launch Major Push to Retake Tikrit". Naharnet. Retrieved 16 October 2014.
    56. ^ "Iraqis battle Islamic State in Tikrit; situation in Mosul stable". Los Angeles Times. 19 August 2014. Retrieved 16 October 2014.
    57. ^ Salih, Mohammed; van Wilgenburg, Wladimir (5 August 2014). "Iraqi Yazidis: 'If we move they will kill us'". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 12 April 2015.
    58. ^ "Iraq conflict: US in new air strikes on militants". BBC News. 10 August 2014. Retrieved 14 March 2015.
    59. ^ "Iraq's largest Christian town abandoned as Isis advance continues". The Guardian. 7 August 2014. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
    60. ^ "Iraq Christians flee as Islamic State takes Qaraqosh". BBC News. 7 August 2014. Retrieved 21 March 2015.
    edit
    Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Northern_Iraq_offensive_(August_2014)&oldid=1256478250"