The OECD Anti-Bribery Convention (officially the Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions) is an anti-corruption convention of the OECD that requires signatory countries to criminalize bribery of foreign public officials. The convention is a legally binding international agreement that focuses on the supply-side of bribery by criminalizing acts of offering or giving bribes to foreign public officials by companies or individuals.[2] Its goal is to create a level playing field in the international business environment.
| Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions | |
|---|---|
| Signed | 17 December 1997[1] |
| Effective | 15 February 1999[1] |
| Signatories | See text |
| Languages |
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A 2017 study found that multinational corporations that were subject to the convention were less likely to engage in bribery than corporations that were based in non-member states.[3] A 2021 study found that the convention may increase bribery by firms from non-ABC member countries and lead firms in ABC member countries to shift to bribery through intermediaries in non-ABC member countries.[4]
History
editIn 1989, the OECD established an ad hoc working group for comparative review of national legislations regarding the bribery of foreign public officials. In 1994, the OECD Ministerial Council adopted the Recommendation of the Council on Bribery in International Business Transactions. The convention was signed on 17 December 1997 and came into force on 15 February 1999.[5] A 2009 recommendation provides further guidance for signatory countries on how to deter and detect the supply-side of foreign bribery and on how to investigate allegations.[6]
Principles
editParties to the convention agree to establish the bribery of foreign public officials as a criminal offence under their laws and to investigate, prosecute and sanction this offence. Key elements of their commitments include creating a framework in which companies—not just individuals—can be held responsible for foreign bribery, establishing dissuasive sanctions and a basis for jurisdiction that is effective in combating bribery of foreign public officials, and co-operating with foreign law enforcement agencies in the fight against foreign bribery.[7]
The OECD has no authority to implement the convention, but instead monitors implementation by participating countries. Countries are responsible for implementing laws and regulations that conform to the convention and therefore provide for enforcement. The OECD performs its monitoring function in a four-phased examination process, with Phase 4 launched on 16 March 2016. Phase 1 consists of a review of legislation implementing the conventions in the member country with the goal of evaluating the adequacy of the laws. Phase 2 assesses the effectiveness with which the legislation is applied. Phase 3 assesses how well adherents are enforcing the convention, the 2009 recommendation, and any follow-up recommendations from Phase 2. Phase 4 is intended to be a tailored review specific to the needs of the adherent country.[8] The Working Group on Bribery prepares a public report at the end of each phase. These reports are adopted under the principle of consensus-minus-one, meaning that the country under examination cannot block publication of the report.[9]
Members
editThe convention is open to accession by any country which is a member of the OECD or has become a full participant in the OECD Working Group on Bribery in International Business Transactions. As of 2018, 46 countries (the 38 member countries of the OECD and 8 non-member countries) have ratified or acceded to the convention:[10]
On 23 July 2017, Costa Rica, Lithuania, Colombia and Latvia ratified the convention.[11] 16 May 2017, 19 January 2013[12] and 30 May 2014,[13]
Countries that have participated as observers in the Working Group include China, Peru, Indonesia, and Malaysia.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b c "OECD Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions". Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Retrieved 30 August 2018.
- ^ Dell, Gillian. "OECD Anti-Bribery Convention at 25: Time to step up enforcement". Transparency International. Retrieved 27 May 2024.
- ^ Jensen, Nathan M.; Malesky, Edmund J. (2017). "Nonstate Actors and Compliance with International Agreements: An Empirical Analysis of the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention". International Organization. 72: 33–69. doi:10.1017/S0020818317000443. ISSN 0020-8183. S2CID 158446483.
- ^ Chapman, Terrence L.; Jensen, Nathan M.; Malesky, Edmund J.; Wolford, Scott (2021). ""Leakage" in International Regulatory Regimes: Did the OECD Anti-bribery Convention Increase Bribery?". Quarterly Journal of Political Science. 16 (4): 387–427. doi:10.1561/100.00019193. ISSN 1554-0626. S2CID 210063866.
- ^ Boorman, Jack (18 September 2001). OECD Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions (PDF) (Report). IMF. Retrieved 18 March 2012.
- ^ "OECD Recommendation on Further Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials". OECD. Retrieved 14 December 2020.
- ^ "Text of the OECD Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials". OECD. Retrieved 14 December 2020.
- ^ "Country monitoring of the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention". OECD. Retrieved 30 September 2017.
- ^ "Phase 2 country monitoring of the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention". OECD. Retrieved 30 September 2017.
- ^ Ratification status. [1]
- ^ "Costa Rica to join the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention" (Press release). OECD. Retrieved 30 September 2017.
- ^ Carrere, Jean (30 November 2011). "Colombia joins OECD Anti-Bribery Convention". Colombia Reports. Retrieved 18 March 2012.
- ^ "Latvia to join OECD Anti-Bribery Convention" (Press release). Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). 7 April 2014. Retrieved 4 December 2014.