Obusier de 155 mm C modèle 1890

The Obusier de 155 mm C modèle 1890 - was a French howitzer designed by Captain Louis Henry Auguste Baquet and employed by the French army during the First World War. It was one of the first modern howitzers equipped with a recoil system.

Obusier de 155 mm C modèle 1890
TypeHowitzer
Siege gun
Place of originFrance
Service history
In service1890-1918
WarsWorld War I
Production history
Designed1890
Produced1890
No. built134
Specifications
MassCombat: 3,315 kg (7,308 lb)
Travel: 3,865 kg (8,521 lb)
Barrel length2.4 m (7 ft 10 in) L/15.5
Crew5[1]

ShellSeparate loading bagged charges and projectiles
Shell weight40–43.7 kg (88–96 lb)
Caliber155 mm (6.1 in)[1]
Breechde Bange
RecoilHydro-pneumatic
CarriageBox trail
Elevation-5° to +65°
Traverse16°[1]
Rate of fire1.5 rpm
Muzzle velocity303 m/s (990 ft/s)
Effective firing range6.3 km (4 mi)
Maximum firing range7.7 km (5 mi)[1]

History

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Development of the mle 1890 began in 1886 at the Atelier-de-précision in Paris, following a request by the French Army for a mobile heavy howitzer capable of high angle fire.

Design

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The mle 1890 is a transitional piece and was a combination of both old and new ideas. It was a breech loaded howitzer with a steel barrel and a de Bange obturator designed by Colonel Charles Ragon de Bange which used separate loading bagged charges and projectiles. The barrel was the same as used on the earlier Obusier de 155 mm C modele 1881 siege gun. The steel box trail carriage had two wooden spoked wheels with steel rims and was designed to be light enough to be horse-drawn in one piece. The carriage was split into two parts, a stationary lower part which supported the weapon and a sliding upper part which supported the gun barrel. The barrel was inserted into a cradle with a hydro-pneumatic recoil system below the barrel which connected to the lower portion of the carriage.[1]

The cradle and carriage had a hollow center section to allow for high angles of elevation, while the front of the cradle pivoted to allow limited traverse. When the gun fired the cradle recoiled backward, while the lower part stayed anchored. This style of carriage and recoil system was also used by the less powerful Obusier de 120 mm C modèle 1890. The recoil mechanism was not enough to absorb the barrels recoil forces and this made the piece unstable at firing. This style of carriage and recoil system did not find wider acceptance due to its insufficient performance.[2]

First world war

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Although the majority of combatants had heavy field artillery prior to the outbreak of the First World War, none had adequate numbers of heavy guns in service, nor had they foreseen the growing importance of heavy artillery once the Western Front stagnated and trench warfare set in. Fortresses, armories, coastal fortifications, and museums were scoured for heavy artillery and sent to the front. Suitable field and rail carriages were built for these guns in an effort to give their forces the heavy field artillery needed to overcome trenches and hardened concrete fortifications.[3]

In August 1914, 134 mle 1890s were assigned to régiments d'artillerie lourde de campagne (heavy field artillery regiments) and régiments d'artillerie à pied (fortress artillery regiments) in forts of the Séré de Rivières.[4]

Ammunition

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The mle 1881 used separate loading bagged charges and projectiles. The charges were in cloth bags and the weight of propellant could be varied from .6–2.8 kg (1 lb 5 oz – 6 lb 3 oz) to vary range and velocity.[2]

Type Name Projectile Yield Notes
High Explosive Obus ordinaires 40 kg (88 lb) 1.4–2.1 kg (3 lb 1 oz – 4 lb 10 oz)
Black Powder or Melinite
Obus allongés Mle 1890 43 kg (95 lb) 10.3 kg (23 lb) Melinite
Obus de 4½ calibres 43.7 kg (96 lb) 12 kg (26 lb)
Armor Piercing Obus de rupture ? ?
Shrapnel Obus à balles 40.59 kg (89 lb 8 oz) 450 g (16 oz) + 270 pellets 26.1 g (0.92 oz) lead pellets
Grapeshot Obus à mitraille 40.5 kg (89 lb) 550 g (1 lb 3 oz) + 416 pellets 25 g (0.88 oz) lead pellets
Boites à mitraille 39.6 kg (87 lb) 429 pellets 65 g (2.3 oz) lead pellets
Incendiary Projectiles incendiairies ? 800 g (1 lb 12 oz) Melinite
+ 30 incendiary cylinders

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e "314- Période 1871-1914". basart.artillerie.asso.fr (in French). Retrieved 2018-06-28.
  2. ^ a b "Canon de 155mm C Mle 1890 Baquet". www.passioncompassion1418.com. Retrieved 2018-06-30.
  3. ^ Hogg, Ian (2004). Allied artillery of World War One. Ramsbury: Crowood. pp. 129–134. ISBN 1861267126. OCLC 56655115.
  4. ^ "Obusiers de 155 court mle 1881 et 1890 De Bange et Baquet". www.fortiffsere.fr. Retrieved 2018-06-30.