Wikipedia

Occupation of Gori

During the Russo-Georgian War, the city of Gori in Georgia was militarily occupied by Russia for a period of nine days, beginning on 13 August 2008. Although it ultimately withdrew from Gori on 22 August, the Russian military has been occupying other parts of Georgia for almost two decades.

Occupation of Gori
Part of the Russo-Georgian War
Gori is located in Georgia
Gori
Gori
Date13–22 August 2008
(1 week and 2 days)
Location
Gori, Georgia
41°58′52.86″N 44°06′34.35″E / 41.9813500°N 44.1095417°E / 41.9813500; 44.1095417
Result Russian victory
Territorial
changes		 Withdrawal from Gori itself, but Russian occupation in Georgia continues in 2024
Belligerents
 Russia  Georgia
Commanders and leaders
Vyacheslav Borisov
Sulim Yamadayev		 Unknown
Strength
Russian Ground ForcesRussian Air Force Georgian Defence Forces
Georgian Police
Casualties and losses
None 9 officers killed
3 officers missing
14 civilians killed[1]
22 civilians missing
1 Dutch journalist (Stan Storimans) killed[2]
Creation of at least 56,000 Georgian refugees[3]

Background

edit

Gori is an important city in the centre of Georgia,[4] located about 25 km (16 mi) from Tskhinvali.[5] Gori is a key Georgian military and transport point.[6] Gori lies along Georgia's principal east-west highway.[4][6][7][8][9] Joseph Stalin, the ruler of the Soviet Union, was born in Gori.[4][9]

Invasion

edit

Initial airstrikes

edit

Georgian TV Rustavi 2 reported that four Russian planes bombed Gori at 11:00 a.m. Tbilisi time on 8 August 2008.[10] The air attacks on other Human settlements in Georgia also took place and some of bombings were seen by journalists. The Georgian interior ministry forces were present in Gori.[5] By the evening of 8 August 2008, Russia dropped a bomb close to a textile factory and a cellular tower in Gori.[11]

At around 06:27 GMT on 9 August 2008, Reuters reported that a Georgian artillery installation near Gori was attacked by Russian warplanes.[12][13] On 9 August, a Russian air attack targeted military garrisons in Gori, damaging the garrison, several apartment buildings and a school. Russians did not admit that non-combatants were intentionally attacked. The Daily Telegraph compared the bombing of Gori to the indiscriminate bombing of Grozny during the war in Chechnya.[14] The Georgian government reported that the air raid had killed 60 civilians. According to the BBC, Gori was used as supporting ground for the Georgian military in South Ossetia and predominantly military positions in Gori had been attacked by Russian planes.[15] According to the Russian source, three bombs hit an armament depot, and the façade of one of the adjacent 5-storey apartment buildings suffered damage as a result of exploding ammunition from the depot.[16] No less than 5 Georgian cities had been bombed by 9 August. The downing of a Russian warplane and ejection of a pilot, whose bloodstained helmet was later broadcast by Georgian TV, was witnessed by civilians in Gori that day.[17]

Mobilized Georgian reservists were arriving in Gori on 9 August. Georgian military did not admit journalists to the Gori hospital.[18]

Georgian retreat

edit

Russian military stated on early 10 August that their country had no intentions of advancing further into undisputed Georgia from South Ossetia.[6][19] Georgian authorities announced ceasefire and reported Georgian withdrawal from South Ossetia on 10 August.[20][21] Georgian government stated that a village between Gori and Kareli, Georgia was attacked in the morning, and the suburb of Gori was bombed in the late afternoon.[22]

Georgian forces entered Gori on the evening of 10 August and the Georgian authorities said that Georgian troops would secure Gori, from which the civilians were fleeing.[6] Alexander Lomaia, Secretary of Georgia's National Security Council, stated that Georgian forces were "very well positioned" to defend Gori.[22] The BBC reported that although there was recession in Russian air attacks after two days of bombings, people were leaving Gori because they were wary of probable Russian advance towards the city. Georgian servicemen masked as civilians were spotted in the streets of Gori.[23] Georgian official reported that artillery attack against Gori was launched at around 21:20.[22] The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and the World Food Programme calculated that about 80% of the residents of Gori had fled by 10 August. Internally displaced people from South Ossetia, who numbered "a few thousand" according to Georgian officials, also began fleeing Gori. People were mostly fleeing for Tbilisi.[3] One fleeing Georgian villager was quoted as saying: "Tomorrow it will be Ukraine and nobody in the West is doing anything to stop them."[24]

Although Russian UN ambassador Vitaly Churkin had claimed that Russia's only aim was "self-defense",[20] Georgian president Mikheil Saakashvili told reporters on 11 August that Russian tank advance on Gori during the previous night was repulsed by Georgian forces. Another Georgian official said that by advancing towards Gori, the Russian forces were "trying to cut the country in half" and there would "probably be guerrilla warfare all over the country."[21] Even Abkhaz separatist authorities raised concern about possible Russian advance to Gori.[6][21]

After Georgian troops had left Tskhinvali on 10 August, the Russians indiscriminately bombed the civilian areas in Gori on 11 August by the afternoon and this was reported by The Guardian.[25] While the gorge, where Gori is located, was held by Georgian forces until about 4 miles (6.4 km) from South Ossetia on 10 August, the Georgian positions were reportedly moved about 6 miles (9.7 km) to the south by the afternoon of 11 August. About a dozen detonations took place in the northern part of the gorge at about 12:30 pm.[4] The Russian General Staff claimed that Russia's "key principle" was not to advance beyond South Ossetia.[26] Georgian military said that the enemy artillery was already present in undisputed Georgia. The suburbs of Gori were encircled by Georgian military hardware to deter probable Russian invasion.[27]

French foreign minister Bernard Kouchner and Finnish foreign minister Alexander Stubb arrived in Gori on 11 August, with Kouchner wanting to see a "strong picture".[28] At 17:00 MSK,[29] Saakashvili visited Gori and was wearing vest.[30] Security guards pushed Georgian president Saakashvili down in Gori when Russian jets flew over.[4][19][27] Kouchner then flew to Vladikavkaz.[31]

At about 17:00, Georgian Interior Ministry officials said that Russian forces and tanks were moving in the direction of Gori. A Times reporter said that the "residents watched in horror" the "sudden and dramatic" Georgian military withdrawal from Gori. The reporter described in detail how the Georgian tanks and armored personnel carriers fled to Tbilisi. The entrance into Gori from the Gori-Tbilisi highway was blocked by the police.[32] The Daily Telegraph (UK) reported that it had seen "a full scale disorganised and panicked retreat from Gori". The Georgian forces had completely left Gori by 17:32 BST on 11 August.[33] A Georgian official said that the troops were ordered to secure Tbilisi, the capital of Georgia.[19][27][33] Georgian military regrouped at Mtskheta, 15 miles (24 km) from Tbilisi.[27] Deputy Defense Minister Batu Kutelia said that they were "moving the defense line to Mtskheta."[34] The Times reported that the skills of the Georgian troops, who had been flown from Iraq by the US, "were of little value" in defense of Gori against Russia and they made an "undignified" retreat to Tbilisi and suggested that staying in Baghdad would have been better for them.[35]

Georgian official claimed that Gori was occupied by the Russian military.[27][33] Russia dismissed the Georgian report of Russian occupation of Gori.[19][34] Some spectators on the ground also denied the Russian presence in Gori.[19][36] In addition to claims of Russian advance towards Gori, Georgian authorities also claimed that Russia was advancing in order to depose Saakashvili.[26][34][37][38] Interfax cited Russian Defense Ministry representative as saying that Russia did not intend to attack Georgia's capital.[38] Later, Georgia retracted earlier claims of Russian takeover of Gori.[39]

Georgian president Mikheil Saakashvili stated that Russians had split Georgia into two by occupying an important intersection near Gori.[40][38] Georgian journalist in Gori had confirmed the capture of the highway.[19] A reporter, travelling from Tbilisi to Gori on 12 August, witnessed dozens of ditched Georgian military transports and artillery on the road.[41][42]

The reporter wrote for the International Herald Tribune on 11 August that the Russian move towards Gori "seemed to suggest that Russia's aims in the conflict had gone beyond securing the pro-Russian enclaves of South Ossetia and Abkhazia to weakening the armed forces of Georgia."[6][21]

Later airstrikes

edit

During the night of 11-12 August, several minor incidents took place near the line of contact between Georgian and Russian forces.[37] Artillery installations near Gori were being attacked by Russian warplanes.[37][43] By 02:00 of 12 August, no legitimate military targets had remained in Gori.[44]

Russian bombers attacked Gori on 12 August,[2] killing seven people and wounding over thirty.[45] Dutch TV journalist Stan Storimans was among those killed and another foreign reporter was injured.[2] The war had already taken the lives of two other journalists.[2] According to Georgian authorities, the Russians aimed at the city's administrative offices. The air raids set the post office and the Gori University on fire.[2] The last remaining food shop was obliterated.[46] The Gori Military Hospital carrying a Red Cross flag was struck by a rocket. The attack killed one doctor.[47] Russia's deputy head of the General Staff, Colonel-General Anatoliy Nogovitsyn, did not admit to Russian air raid on Gori.[48]

This final bombing of Gori, which preceded the announcement of an end to hostilities with the "punished" "aggressor" Georgia by Russian president Dmitry Medvedev, concluded five-day-long Russian air attacks on Gori.[8] British Journalists later commented on the bombing of Gori's Stalin Square that "With no discernible military target, it seems clear that the Kremlin was effecting its own form of collective punishment on the town."[49] The distance between the bombing site in central Gori and the Georgian military base was more than 3 km (2 mi).[50][51]

Human Rights Watch (HRW) reported on 14 August that Russian warplanes were responsible for the bombing raids on Gori, which ended on 12 August.[52] The death of Stan Storimans and wounding of dozen civilians in central Gori on 12 August was attributed to a cluster bombing.[53] Numerous unexploded submunitions were subsequently found by local population in Gori Municipality and HRW documented them.[54]

Occupation

edit

13 August

edit

The Russian military was warning during the march towards Gori on the morning of 13 August that they would not spare ethnic Georgian civilians in villages if the latter did not demonstrate signs of surrender. Escaping Georgians blamed Russian president Medvedev for their suffering because they, trusting Medvedev's statement on ceasefire, had remained in their homes before the Russian advance.[55][56] The regular Russian troops were followed by Chechen, Cossack and Ossetian irregulars.[57][58][59][60] Georgian civilians were fleeing Georgian villages located north of Gori, both in Georgia proper and South Ossetia.[57][61] The Chicago Tribune noted that although the ceasefire was signed on 12 August, "the war continued to take a devastating toll Wednesday on civilians caught in the middle."[61]

Russian forces captured Gori on 13 August,[62][63][64][65] several hours after French president Nicolas Sarkozy negotiated the ceasefire agreement between Russia and Georgia.[42][66] By 11:49 MSK, Georgian official said that 50 Russian tanks invaded Gori.[67] Russian forces were blocking the roads to Gori, which had been abandoned by the Georgian authorities and law enforcement. The Los Angeles Times noted that the ceasefire agreement between Georgia and Russia "already seemed like an illusion".[57]

Speculations arose that Russia possibly planned to assault Tbilisi.[55][66][68][69] Russian armored column left Gori on 13 August, traveling along the main road to Tbilisi. However, the Russians stopped about a hour's drive from Tbilisi and encamped.[70][56][71] Georgian servicemen occupied the road 6 miles (9.7 km) closer to Tbilisi and started setting up a line of defense.[72] One Russian serviceman said they were ordered to remain where they had stopped and that the Russian military did not wish to advance further.[55] Claims of Russian advance towards Tbilisi were dismissed by Russia.[68][56] The Guardian commented that "there was no sign of the Georgian army. [...] it appears not to exist."[55] The Los Angeles Times reported, "Georgia's defenses seem to have broken down completely."[57]

Deputy chief of General Staff of Russia Anatoliy Nogovitsyn claimed that the Russian forces entered Gori only to negotiate with the local authorities, who were found to be absent, but there were no Russian tanks present.[70][56][73] A Russian military spokesman said that military hardware and ammunition was being confiscated from a deserted warehouse near the city.[74][70] The destruction of Georgian military bases began.[68][55][63] South Ossetians began looting in Gori on 13 August.[57][61][68][72] Russian authorities said that they would crack down on marauders.[57]

Russian foreign minister Sergey Lavrov said that the Russian forces maintained their presence in Georgia in order to assist peacekeepers and they were defending "a major arsenal of armaments and military equipment" near Gori.[66] Lavrov said that Russia would supply the population of Gori with food.[66][75] General Vyacheslav Borisov of the Pskov Airborne Division claimed that Russian troops would not advance past the periphery of Gori into the city.[66]

On late 13 August 2008, Aleksandre Lomaia, secretary of Georgia's National Security Council, departed for Gori because the people had asked for help and "to get [the Russians] out of the city and to let the police in." He met with Russian soldiers for the first time during sunset. Estonian ambassador to Georgia commented on the scene of fires near Gori that it was difficult to imagine such scene in the 21st century. Major General Vyacheslav Borisov (the commander of the Russian occupying troops) told Lomaia that the Russian presence did not upset the locals of Gori. Lomaia was allowed into abandoned Gori after meeting with Borisov. Journalist reported for The Washington Post that "the area just outside its city center looked like a Russian military base".[69]

14–15 August

edit

Russian troops were supposed to leave Gori by the morning of 14 August.[63] Russian military let Georgian police into Gori and at about 10:00, combined guards of Georgian police and Russian forces in Gori were authorized by Russian major general while Russian troops were readying to withdraw.[62] Interfax reported at 12:10 MSK that the Russian army gave back control of Gori to the Georgian Police. Major-general Borisov said Russian troops would begin leaving Gori in two days and claimed that the rumours about damaged town and marauding "do not correspond to reality". Alexander Lomaia, who was in Gori negotiating with the Russians, said on Rustavi-2 TV on the live broadcast that the situation in Gori was calm and Russian army only did patrolling job.[76][77] The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees and the World Food Program workers were also preparing to enter Gori to lay the groundwork for humanitarian assistance.[63] Combined patrol efforts by the Russian Army and Georgian police in Gori soon broke down at about 13:00 due to apparent tensions between servicemen. Georgian policemen withdrew from Gori.[62] No agreement on the Russian withdrawal from Gori was reached. A showdown between Georgian and Russian forces near Gori occurred and the entrance was reinforced by Russian tanks by the afternoon.[63] It was reported that explosions took place near Gori.[62][63][78][58][79] Vyacheslav Borisov declared that he had allowed the residents to Gori to come back. Accounts of execution of civilians having taken place in Gori since Russian advance had emerged.[78] Regarding Russian control of Gori, Russia's UN ambassador, Vitaly Churkin, claimed that Russian forces "are not in Gori, have never been in Gori and do not occupy Gori." He denied reports that Gori was destroyed. Some Russian troops near Gori complained to journalists that they had been hungry for days. Russian tanks began to move towards Tbilisi, the capital, but soon stopped.[58]

The next day, Russian forces pushed to about 40 kilometres (25 mi) from Tbilisi, the nearest during the war, and stopped in Igoeti (41°59′22″N 44°25′04″E / 41.98944°N 44.41778°E / 41.98944; 44.41778) at the same time as the United States Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice was received by Georgian president Saakashvili. The parts of Georgian army, which were entrenched nearby, did not deter Russians from blocking the key east-west highway of Georgia.[59] Melik Kaylan later wrote for Forbes in 2009: "Once Condi got there, the situation stabilized. If Moscow attacked, the U.S. and Russia would be at war."[80]

The network coverage of the Georgian cellular operators in Gori vanished and the signal of Russian MegaFon began to be served to Georgian cellular subscribers on 15 August.[81] On late 15 August, Russian defense ministry official General Nikolay Uvarov reported that the Russian army had almost finished the disposal of the Georgian weapons in the base near Gori.[82]

Major-General Vyacheslav Borisov said on 14 August, "Now Ossetians are running around and killing poor Georgians in their enclaves." A Russian officer commented on the prevention of the marauding: "It's not our job to do police work." The New York Times noted that some Russian troops sometimes have tried to curb the anarchy.[83] Even the United Nations and journalistic cars were carjacked.[84][85] Militiamen opened fire on journalists on 14 August and fired upon Turkish journalists on 15 August.[84][86] The Herald suggested on the situation in Gori that the Russian forces were "hampering efforts by humanitarian organisations to alleviate the suffering of those still inside Gori."[84] According to the Hague Convention, an occupying power has to guarantee public order and safety in the occupied areas.[87]

16–22 August

edit

Russian forces turned back some humanitarian aid missions trying to help the population, with only the United Nations (UN) managing to bring small food provisions to the city. The humanitarian conditions in Gori by 16 August was assessed as "desperate" by the United Nations. Majority of journalists were not let into Gori. Human Rights Watch (HRW) reported that following Russian takeover of Georgian areas, Georgians from Gori and the adjacent villages reported South Ossetian militias pillaging and assaulting Georgian properties as well as abducting civilians.[88] Russian Kommersant newspaper reported that the Russian deployment towards Tbilisi began in several hours after Russian president Medvedev had signed the ceasefire agreement on 16 August.[89]

According to BBC's Gabriel Gatehouse, Russian troops in Gori were "much-reduced" on 17 August. Humanitarian relief was brought to the city; however, Russians were still in charge of major entrances of Gori. The Russian commander stated that Russian forces would remain to curb plunder until Georgian police was prepared to assume responsibility. Major General Vyacheslav Borisov claimed that day to have ordered Russian peacekeepers to be deployed in Igoeti in place of regular Russian forces, but this was brushed off by Georgia as "just a redeployment".[90] UNHCR visited Gori on 17 August and stated that many shops and apartments had been robbed by marauders and that only 50-60 residents had remained.[91] According to The New York Times and The Pentagon, there were no indications of the Russian pullout that day as Medvedev had promised. President of France Nicolas Sarkozy explained that the Russian occupation of Georgia's principal highway and Gori was not legally permitted under the ceasefire agreement.[92] Georgian authorities were not let into Gori that day. A Russian soldier near Gori was reported to have suggested that the Russian forces would "be in Georgia for a very long time."[60]

New checkpoints were erected by the Russian forces on the Tbilisi-Gori road on August 17. South Ossetian forces occupied Akhalgori and one fighter said that "It will be part of an independent country within the Russian Federation." The Guardian commented that Moscow's apparent plan to recreate Greater South Ossetia was coming to fruition.[93] The Times reported from Gori on 18 August that Russian troops had reportedly told Georgian civilians fleeing South Ossetia: "Putin has given us an order that everyone must be either shot or forced to leave". Few Russian servicemen were seen inside Gori and the residents reported that there were Russian armored patrols after 22:00 curfew during the night. Georgian official Alexander Lomaia said that he didn't know when the Russian forces would leave Gori. Russians permitted the International Red Cross and the United Nations High Commission for Refugees entry into Gori. Russians had established six checkpoints between Gori and Igoeti with a column of Russian tanks being positioned in Kaspi in the direction of Tbilisi.[94]

The Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations delivered humanitarian aid to Gori on 18 August.[95][96] However, Russian Emergencies Minister Sergei Shoigu reported to Prime Minister Vladimir Putin that the distribution of the relief was hindered by the local authorities and the church.[97]

On 20 August 2008, the Russian forces stopped a delegation of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe near Igoeti and did not allow them to visit Gori.[98] On 21 August, it was reported that Ambassador of France to Georgia Eric Fournier was detained by the Russian forces near Gori. The ambassador was returning from Sachkhere where he resisted the Russian occupation of the French-financed training base.[99]

Withdrawal of Russian troops and aftermath

edit

In the morning of 22 August, Georgia reported that Russian planes and helicopters began flying over Gori.[100] At noon, Russian forces began leaving Gori.[101] After the departure of Russian troops, Georgian police re-entered the city.[102][103] The mayor of Tbilisi, Gigi Ugulava, said that "an organized return" of displaced Gori residents would be facilitated. The nearest Russian checkpoint in the village of Karaleti continued operation.[102] Georgia's principal highway connecting east with west was now free for transit by the evening.[104] According to the Georgian interior minister, the highway was in need of thorough inspection.[102] Food Market resumed operation in Gori on 23 August.[105]

The humanitarian situation in Gori on 27 August was still severe as many residents had no access to humanitarian assistance.[106]

Journalist of German ARD TV told Vladimir Putin that he survived the Russian bombing of Gori by chance. Putin insisted that Russia had the right to act so under international law and did not apologize for the bombing of the residential areas.[107]

In October 2008, EUobserver reported about Polish humanitarian worker who was in Gori after 11 August 2008. The Polish national said that he witnessed how the Russians fired on the EU flag in Gori in apparent demonstration of ideological hostility towards the European values and he wanted to award the damaged flag to the European Parliament.[108]

edit
  •  
    Georgian conscripts in Tbilisi after retreating from Gori
  •  
    A burnt apartment building where 16 people were reportedly killed
  •  
    The propulsion stage of a Russian missile in a civilian apartment on August 25, 2008
  •  
    Pictures on display outside the Georgian parliament showing the destruction after Russian bombings in Gori
  •  
    A Georgian military base near Gori largely demolished by Russian troops
  •  
    A destroyed Georgian military base in Gori
  •  
    An injured woman sitting in rubble following a Russian bombing attack on Gori
  •  
    Teddy Bear in ruins, after Russian air strikes
  •  
    Destroyed apartment building in Gori after Russian air raid, picture taken 10 September 2008
  •  
    An air raid of the Russian army in August 2008 destroyed this house in Gori

References

edit
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Occupation of Gori, 2008.
  1. ^ "The Tanks of August" (PDF). Centre for Analysis of Strategies and Technologies. p. 60. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2011-01-28. Retrieved 2014-03-29.
  2. ^ a b c d e "Dutch journalist killed in Russian bombing of Gori". International Herald Tribune. The Associated Press. 12 August 2008. Archived from the original on 13 August 2008.
  3. ^ a b "Humanitarian effort begins in Georgia". CNN. 11 August 2008. Archived from the original on 18 August 2008. Retrieved 27 August 2008.
  4. ^ a b c d e Schwirtz, Michael; Barnard, Anne; Kramer, Andrew E. (11 August 2008). "Russian Forces Capture Military Base in Georgia". The New York Times.
  5. ^ a b Elizabeth Owen; Giorgi Lomsadze (8 August 2008). "Georgia: All-Out War Looms in South Ossetia". EurasiaNet. Archived from the original on 6 May 2009.
  6. ^ a b c d e f Anne Barnard (11 August 2008). "Russians push past separatist area to assault central Georgia". International Herald Tribune. Archived from the original on 15 August 2008.
  7. ^ Philippe Naughton (14 August 2008). "Russian pullback in doubt as Condoleezza Rice and US aid troops head for Georgia". The Times. Archived from the original on 15 August 2008.
  8. ^ a b Luke Harding (12 August 2008). "'I don't know which side to blame'". The Guardian.
  9. ^ a b "Russia to Hand Abandoned Town Back to Georgia". CNBC. Reuters. 14 August 2008.
  10. ^ МОЛНИЯ – ЧЕТЫРЕ САМОЛЕТА, ЗАЛЕТЕВШИХ ИЗ РОССИИ, СБРОСИЛИ БОМБЫ НА ГОРОД ГОРИ (in Russian). Novosti-Gruziya. 8 August 2008. Archived from the original on 15 August 2008.
  11. ^ Michael Schwirtz; Anne Barnard; C.J. Chivers (9 August 2008). "1,500 Reported Killed in Georgia Battle". The New York Times.
  12. ^ "Russian jets bomb Georgia - Reuters witness". Reuters. 9 August 2008. Archived from the original on 11 August 2008.
  13. ^ Российские ВВС разбомбили позиции грузинской артиллерии близ Гори (in Russian). Lenta.ru. 9 August 2008. Archived from the original on 11 August 2008.
  14. ^ Adrian Blomfield (9 August 2008). "Georgia conflict: Screams of the injured rise from residential streets". The Telegraph.
  15. ^ "Russian jets attack Georgian town". BBC. 9 August 2008. Archived from the original on 11 August 2008.
  16. ^ Пропагандисты не отрабатывают зарплату (in Russian). RosBalt. 11 August 2008. Archived from the original on 14 August 2008.
  17. ^ Barnard, Anne (9 August 2008). "Georgia and Russia Nearing All-Out War". The New York Times.
  18. ^ "War in the Caucasus: Inside the battle zone". The Independent. 10 August 2008. Archived from the original on 20 April 2013.
  19. ^ a b c d e f Luke Harding; Lee Glendinning (11 August 2008). "Russia has taken over half the country, Georgia claims". The Guardian.
  20. ^ a b Bill Meyer (10 August 2008). "Russia expands Georgia blitz, deploys ships". cleveland.com. Archived from the original on 20 October 2020.
  21. ^ a b c d Michael Schwirtz; Anne Barnard; Andrew E. Kramer (11 August 2008). "Moscow issues ultimatum as fighting in Georgia spreads". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 10 August 2017.
  22. ^ a b c Elizabeth Owen; Giorgi Lomsadze (10 August 2008). "Georgian Troops Withdraw from South Ossetia, Russia Bombs Tbilisi Airport". EurasiaNet. Archived from the original on 12 August 2008.
  23. ^ "Eyewitness: Mood shifts in Gori". BBC. 10 August 2008.
  24. ^ Tony Halpin (11 August 2008). "We helped in Iraq - now help us, beg Georgians". The Times. Archived from the original on 12 August 2008.
  25. ^ Harding, Luke (11 August 2008). "'I got my children out minutes before the bombs fell'". The Guardian.
  26. ^ a b "Georgia claims Russia wants to overthrow government". The Independent. Reuters. 11 August 2008. Archived from the original on 9 January 2013.
  27. ^ a b c d e Halpin, Tony; O'Flynn, Kevin (11 August 2008). "Russian troops invade Georgia and 'take the town of Gori'". The Times. Archived from the original on 12 August 2008.
  28. ^ "Russia Pushes Into Georgia". The Washington Post. 12 August 2008.
  29. ^ Хроника войны в Южной Осетии: день четвертый (in Russian). Lenta.Ru. 12 August 2008.
  30. ^ Саакашвили переоделся в бронежилет (in Russian). Lenta.Ru. 11 August 2008. Archived from the original on 11 August 2008.
  31. ^ "Saakashvili and Kouchner flown out of "relatively dangerous" Gori". Trend. 11 August 2008.
  32. ^ Halpin, Tony (12 August 2008). "Georgian army flees in disarray as Russians advance". The Times. Archived from the original on 12 August 2008.
  33. ^ a b c Damien McElroy; Adrian Blomfield; Jon Swaine (11 August 2008). "Georgia: Russia fighting on several fronts as Georgian troops withdraw to defend Tbilisi". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 13 September 2012.
  34. ^ a b c Henry Meyer; Torrey Clark (11 August 2008). "Russian Troops Launch Ground Offensive in Georgia (Update3)". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 21 July 2012.
  35. ^ Tony Halpin (12 August 2008). "Iraq veterans jump from frying pan into the fire". The Times. Archived from the original on 12 August 2008.
  36. ^ "Georgia official says Russia captured Georgia town". Reuters. 11 August 2008. Archived from the original on 12 August 2008.
  37. ^ a b c "French mediators hope to stop Caucasus war". Reuters. 12 August 2008. Archived from the original on 30 June 2015.
  38. ^ a b c Helena Bedwell (12 August 2008). "Georgia Pulls Out of Abkhazia as France Seeks Russia Cease-Fire". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 13 June 2014.
  39. ^ "Russian troops advance in Georgia". BBC News. 12 August 2008.
  40. ^ Christopher Torchia; David Nowak (11 August 2008). "Russia opens new front, drives deeper into Georgia". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 14 August 2008.
  41. ^ DPA (12 August 2008). "Debris of a defeated Georgian army litters the road to Gori - Feature". Earth Times. Archived from the original on 20 May 2011.
  42. ^ a b Stafan Korshak (13 August 2008). "Russian road to victory easy in Georgia". Kyiv Post. Archived from the original on 17 August 2008.
  43. ^ "Russia "used cluster bombs" in Georgia - rights group". Reuters. 15 August 2008.
  44. ^ Удар «Искандера» (in Russian). Novaya Gazeta. 9 August 2010. Archived from the original on 29 November 2010.
  45. ^ Goga Aptsiauri (12 August 2009). "Victims of Last Year's Tragedy Remembered in Gori". Media.ge. Archived from the original on 24 May 2024.
  46. ^ Blomfield, Adrian (12 August 2008). "Russia wants to redraw map of Europe in peace terms with Georgia". The Telegraph.
  47. ^ Kim Sengupta; Shaun Walker; Rupert Cornwell (17 August 2008). "The new Cold War: Crisis in the Caucasus". The Independent. Archived from the original on 3 August 2012.
  48. ^ "Blasts rock Georgian town Gori, several dead". Reuters. 12 August 2008. Archived from the original on 21 August 2008.
  49. ^ Luke Harding; Ian Traynor; Helen Womack (17 August 2008). "A dirty little war in Georgia". Mail & Guardian.
  50. ^ Charles Clover (12 August 2008). "Russian warplanes turn Gori to rubble". Financial Times.
  51. ^ "Russian warplanes turn Gori to rubble". Euro2day. 13 August 2008.
  52. ^ "Russia/Georgia: Investigate Civilian Deaths". Human Rights Watch. 14 August 2008.
  53. ^ Hines, Nico (15 August 2008). "Russia accused of dropping cluster bombs on Georgian civilians". The Times. Archived from the original on 3 September 2008.
  54. ^ "Georgia: Civilians Killed by Russian Cluster Bomb 'Duds'". Human Rights Watch. 21 August 2008.
  55. ^ a b c d e Luke Harding (14 August 2008). "Amid promise of peace, Georgians live in terror". The Guardian.
  56. ^ a b c d Luke Harding; James Meikle (2008-08-13). "Georgian villages burned and looted as Russian tanks advance". The Guardian.
  57. ^ a b c d e f Megan K. Stack (14 August 2008). "Broken and bewildered". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 14 August 2008.
  58. ^ a b c Megan K. Stack (15 August 2008). "Crisis fuels U.S.-Russia animosities". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 6 March 2016.
  59. ^ a b C. J. Chivers (15 August 2008). "For Russian Armor, Even With Rice in Georgia, Cease-Fire Is Not a Red Light". The New York Times.
  60. ^ a b Kim Sengupta (18 August 2008). "Judgement day dawns after Russia pledges to quit Georgia". The Independent.
  61. ^ a b c Alex Rodriguez (14 August 2008). "Burning, looting terrorize Georgians". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on 22 August 2008.
  62. ^ a b c d Levy, Clifford J. (14 August 2008). "Russia Vows to Support Two Enclaves, in Retort to Bush". The New York Times.
  63. ^ a b c d e f Christopher Torchia (14 August 2008). "Russian tanks deter Georgian entry to Gori". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 19 August 2008.
  64. ^ "Bush Orders Military to Deliver Aid to Georgia". Fox News. 13 August 2008. Archived from the original on 13 August 2008.
  65. ^ "The Tanks of August" (PDF). Centre for Analysis of Strategies and Technologies. p. 74.
  66. ^ a b c d e Steven Lee Myers (13 August 2008). "Bush, Sending Aid, Demands That Moscow Withdraw". The New York Times.
  67. ^ Совет безопасности Грузии вновь заявил о российских танках в Гори (in Russian). Lenta.Ru. 13 August 2008. Archived from the original on 13 August 2008.
  68. ^ a b c d "Violence flares in Georgian town". BBC News. 13 August 2008.
  69. ^ a b Bahrampour, Tara (14 August 2008). "A Convoy Heads for Gori to Investigate Rumors of Plunder". The Washington Post.
  70. ^ a b c Associated Press (13 August 2008). "Russian convoy heads into Georgia, violating truce". UNIAN.
  71. ^ AFP: Российские танки и бронемашины идут на Тбилиси (in Russian). Lenta.Ru. 13 August 2008. Archived from the original on 15 August 2008.
  72. ^ a b Matti Friedman (13 August 2008). "Russian feint toward Tbilisi shows truce fragile". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 20 August 2008.
  73. ^ Миротворцы опровергли утверждения об атаках на Гори (in Russian). RIA Novosti. 2008-08-13. Archived from the original on 16 August 2008.
  74. ^ "Russia says removing Georgian arms from town of Gori". Reuters. 13 August 2008.
  75. ^ Российские военные накормят жителей города Гори (in Russian). Lenta.Ru. 13 August 2008. Archived from the original on 15 August 2008.
  76. ^ Mariya Khristianova (14 August 2008). Покидая Гори (in Russian). Interfax. Archived from the original on 14 August 2008.
  77. ^ "Russia says to hand over control of Georgian town". Reuters. 14 August 2008. Archived from the original on 4 June 2011.
  78. ^ a b Gabriel Gatehouse (14 August 2008). "Eyewitness: Gori's combustible mix". BBC.
  79. ^ Российские военные уходят из Гори (in Russian). BBC Russian. 14 August 2008.
  80. ^ Melik Kaylan (11 August 2009). "Georgia: One Year Later". Forbes.
  81. ^ В грузинском городе Гори появился сигнал "Мегафона" (in Russian). Lenta.ru. 15 August 2008.
  82. ^ Российские военные закончили утилизацию грузинского оружия на базе в Гори (in Russian). Lenta.ru. 15 August 2008.
  83. ^ Tavernise, Sabrina; Siegel, Matt (14 August 2008). "Signs of Ethnic Attacks in Georgia Conflict". The New York Times.
  84. ^ a b c David Pratt (16 August 2008). "Civilians allege militias raped and killed". The Herald. Archived from the original on 18 August 2008.
  85. ^ "Russia pledges support for separatist enclaves". CBC News. 14 August 2008.
  86. ^ Ben Judah (21 August 2008). "Letters from Georgia: Nationalism and fear". ISN Security Watch. Archived from the original on 22 August 2008.
  87. ^ "Hague Convention, Article 43". The Avalon Project. Archived from the original on 30 April 2009.
  88. ^ "Russia/Georgia: Militias Attack Civilians in Gori Region". Human Rights Watch. 16 August 2008.
  89. ^ Армия тянет мирное время (in Russian). Kommersant. 18 August 2008.
  90. ^ "Russia pledge on Georgia pull-out". BBC News. 17 August 2008. Archived from the original on 17 August 2008.
  91. ^ Гуманитарная миссия ООН нашла Гори разграбленным (in Russian). Lenta.ru. 18 August 2008.
  92. ^ Andrew E. Kramer (18 August 2008). "Russia Seems to Be Hunkering Down in Georgia". The New York Times.
  93. ^ Luke Harding (18 August 2008). "Tanks and Katyushas bristle round isolated Tbilisi". The Guardian.
  94. ^ Tony Halpin (18 August 2008). "Putin has given us an order that everyone must leave or be shot". The Times. Archived from the original on 18 August 2008.
  95. ^ В Гори прибыла гуманитарная помощь из России (in Russian). gazeta.ru. 18 August 2008.
  96. ^ РГ-ВИДЕО: Гори после войны (in Russian). Rossiyskaya Gazeta. 19 August 2008.
  97. ^ Шойгу: власти Гори и духовенство препятствуют раздаче продуктов (in Russian). gazeta.ru. 18 August 2008.
  98. ^ Наблюдателей ПАСЕ не пустили в Гори (in Russian). Lenta.ru. 21 August 2008.
  99. ^ Российские военные в Гори задержали посла Франции (in Russian). Lenta.Ru. 21 August 2008.
  100. ^ Грузия: над Гори возобновились полеты российских самолетов (in Russian). gazeta.ru. 22 August 2008.
  101. ^ Luke Harding (22 August 2008). "Russia begins troop withdrawal from Georgia". The Guardian.
  102. ^ a b c "Police Back in Gori". Civil.Ge. 23 August 2008.
  103. ^ "Georgia conflict: Russians pull out of Gori". The Telegraph. 22 August 2008. Archived from the original on 14 January 2013.
  104. ^ C.J. Chivers (22 August 2008). "Russia Pulls the Bulk of Its Forces Out of Georgia". The New York Times.
  105. ^ "Russian troops occupy Georgia's Black Sea port". Canada.com. 23 August 2008. Archived from the original on 9 November 2012.
  106. ^ Saba Tsitsikashvili (27 August 2008). "Ramifications of Ten-Day-Blockade of Gori". Humanrights.ge.
  107. ^ Vladimir Abarinov (3 September 2008). Трубный лепет оправданья (in Russian). Grani.ru.
  108. ^ Philippa Runner (15 October 2008). "Vandalised EU flag tells story of Georgia conflict". EUobserver.
edit
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Occupation_of_Gori&oldid=1256676689"