Of Moths and Men is a book by journalist Judith Hooper about the Oxford University ecological genetics school led by E.B. Ford. The book specifically concerns Bernard Kettlewell's experiments on the peppered moth which were intended as experimental validation of evolution. She highlights supposed problems with the methodology of Kettlewell's experiments and suggests that these issues could invalidate the results obtained, ignoring or disparaging evidence supporting natural selection while repeatedly implying that Kettlewell and his colleagues committed fraud or made careless errors.[1] Subject matter experts have described the book as presenting a "conspiracy theory" with "errors, misrepresentations, misinterpretations and falsehoods". The evolutionary biologist Michael Majerus spent the last 7 years of his life systematically repeating Kettlewell's experiments, demonstrating that Kettlewell had in fact been correct.
 Cover of the British edition, showing a display cabinet with the peppered moth removed. | |
| Author | Judith Hooper |
|---|---|
| Language | English |
| Publisher | Norton |
Publication date | 2002 |
| Pages | 377 |
| ISBN | 0-393-05121-8 |
| OCLC | 50022818 |
| 576.8/2/092 B 21 | |
| LC Class | QH375 .H66 2002 |
Allegations of poor experimental practice
editHooper alleges several flaws in experimental methodology, including gluing the moths in place on parts of trees where they would not naturally settle, feeding birds heavily enough to condition them to expect feeding at that point, artificially boosting recapture rates, altering experiments (unconsciously) to favour the expected outcome, and errors in statistical analysis.
The historian of biology David Rudge has carefully reexamined the records upon which Hooper's argument is based. His conclusions were that her historical research was poor and she had shown fundamental misunderstandings about the nature of science.[2]
Reviews
editThe book was described as well-written in reviews in the mainstream press,[3][4] but it was severely criticised in scientific publications. Writing in Nature, Coyne (2002) attacked Hooper's "flimsy conspiracy theory [of] ambitious scientists who will ignore the truth for the sake of fame and recognition [by which] she unfairly smears a brilliant naturalist". In Science, Grant (2002) critically summarised the book's content, saying "What it delivers is a quasi-scientific assessment of the evidence for natural selection in the peppered moth (Biston betularia), much of which is cast in doubt by the author’s relentless suspicion of fraud". Bryan Clarke, who worked alongside Kettlewell at Oxford, described Hooper's book as "a treasury of insinuations worthy of an unscrupulous newspaper".[1]
The entomologist and expert on peppered moth evolution Michael Majerus described the book as "littered with errors, misrepresentations, misinterpretations and falsehoods".[5] He spent the last 7 years of his life on research, systematically refuting Hooper's claims.[6] Much of the work was published posthumously, the data being reviewed by a team of evolutionary biologists, leading to a vindication of Kettlewell's findings, the re-establishment of his reputation, and the restoration of the peppered moth as an exemplar of Darwinian evolution.[7]
Notes
edit- ^ a b Bryan Clarke (2003). "Heredity - The art of innuendo". Heredity. 90 (4): 279–280. doi:10.1038/sj.hdy.6800229.
- ^ Rudge 2005
- ^ A review in The Guardian.
- ^ A review in the Los Angeles Times
- ^ Michael Majerus (2004). "The Peppered moth: decline of a Darwinian disciple". Archived from the original (.doc) on 2008-06-27. Retrieved 2008-07-11.
- ^ Majerus, Michael (2008). "Non-morph specific predation of peppered moths (Biston betularia) by bats". Ecological Entomology. 33 (5). Royal Entomological Society: 679–683. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2311.2008.00987.x. S2CID 86546684.
- ^ Cook, L. M.; Grant, B. S.; Saccheri, I. J.; Mallet, James (2012). "Selective bird predation on the peppered moth: the last experiment of Michael Majerus". Biology Letters. 8 (4): 609–612. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2011.1136. PMC 3391436. PMID 22319093.
References
edit- Coyne, Jerry (2002). "Evolution under pressure. Review of Judith Hooper: "Of Moths and Men: Intrigue, Tragedy and the Peppered Moth"". Nature. 418 (6893): 19–20. doi:10.1038/418019a. S2CID 33141331.
- Grant, Bruce S. (2002). "Sour Grapes of Wrath". Science. 297 (5583): 940–941. doi:10.1126/science.1073593. S2CID 161367302.
- Rudge, D.W. (2005). "Did Kettlewell Commit Fraud? Re-examining the Evidence" (PDF). Public Understanding of Science. 14 (3): 249–268. doi:10.1177/0963662505052890. PMID 16240545. S2CID 25525719.