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Okjeo (Korean: 옥저), also spelled Okchŏ, is the presumed ancient language of Okjeo, an ancient Korean state which existed from the 2nd century BC to the 5th century AD.
| Okjeo | |
|---|---|
| Okchŏ | |
| Native to | Okjeo |
| Region | Korea |
| Era | 250 BC – 500 AD[1] |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
 | |
Classification
editAccording to texts from Ancient China, the Buyeo, Okjeo, Dongye, and Goguryeo had languages that were similar to each other and different from those of the Yilou, Mohe, and the Samhan.[2][3] These languages are grouped into the Puyŏ languages.[1]
The most widely held theory about the origin of the Buyeo languages is that they are a part of the Koreanic languages.[4] Another, more controversial theory is that they are related to Japonic languages, of which the Buyeo languages would be the continental branch.[5]
In Peter H. Lee's book,[6] he stated that although there are some small differences between Okjeo and Goguryeo, the two languages have many similarities that Okjeo didn't have with the other Puyŏ languages.[7] However, Christopher I. Beckwith considers Okjeo to have been a dialect of Goguryeo.[8][9] The language would also have been different from Usan-guk.[10]
According to Janhunen, Okjeo, Ye-Maek and Buyeo are related to the Nivkh languages, which may have been spoken in the region before the arrival of the people speaking the Koreanic languages.[11] Robbeets (2020) believes that these languages are responsible for a substrate in modern Korean.[12] However, Beckwith (2005) considers this hypothesis to not have been proven.[13]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b Robbeets (2020), p. 6
- ^ Lee & Ramsey (2011), pp. 34–35.
- ^ Byington, Mark E. (2016). The Ancient State of Puyŏ in Northeast Asia. Harvard University Asia Center. p. 36. ISBN 9780674737198.
- ^ Whitman (2013), p. 249-250
- ^ Beckwith (2004), pp. 27–28.
- ^ Lee (1992), p. 18
- ^ Lee & Ramsey (2011), p. 34
- ^ Beckwith (2005), p. 41
- ^ Logie (2012)
- ^ "삼국지 위서 동이전 동옥저". 역사자료 모음. 2009-02-27. Retrieved 8 September 2024.
- ^ Janhunen (2005), p. 74-75
- ^ Robbeets (2020), p. 11-12
- ^ Beckwith (2005), p. 51
Bibliography
edit- Andrew Logie (13 October 2012), Koreanology (ed.), Notes on the languages of the Three Kingdoms, retrieved 8 September 2024
- Christopher I. Beckwith (2004), Brill (ed.), Koguryo: The Language of Japan's Continental Relatives (PDF), BRILL, ISBN 978-90-04-13949-7, retrieved 8 September 2024
- Christopher I. Beckwith (2005), Journal of Inner and East Asian Studies (ed.), The Ethnolinguistic History of the Early Korean Peninsula Region: Japanese-Koguryoic and other Languages in the koguryo, Paekche and Silla kingdoms (PDF), archived from the original (PDF) on 26 February 2009, retrieved 8 September 2024* John Whitman (2013), A History of the Korean Language, by Ki-Moon Lee and Robert Ramsey, pp. 246–260, doi:10.1075/kl.15.2.05whi
- Lee, Ki-Moon; Ramsey, S. Robert (2011), A History of the Korean Language, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-1-139-49448-9
- Martine Robbeets (2020), Oxford University Press (ed.), Archaeolinguistic evidence for the farming/language dispersal of Koreanic, retrieved 8 September 2024
- Peter H. Lee (1992), Columbia University Press (ed.), Sourcebook of Korean Civilization, ISBN 978-0231079129, retrieved 8 September 2024