Old-fashioned racism (OFR) is a type of racism that asserts that minorities are biologically inferior to white people. OFR is also associated with the belief that minorities should be segregated from white society, and that minorities do not deserve policies to help mitigate the barriers of discrimination.
Definition
editPeople who exhibit old-fashioned racism endorse derogatory statements about the innate capabilities and intellect of minorities. Proponents are also likely to support racial segregation of schools and housing.[1] OFR has mostly been applied to white perceptions of black people in the US, though there is evidence of old-fashioned racism towards other minority groups such as Muslims.[2] OFR is also known as traditional racism, Jim Crow racism, and blatant racism.[3]
History
editThough old-fashioned racism was highly prevalent in the US from approximately 1940–1990, OFR generally fell out of favor and was replaced by laissez-faire racism or symbolic racism.[4][5] These forms of racism de-emphasize biological inferiority of minorities. Instead, they are characterized by the belief that minorities do not uphold traditional American values, particularly the Protestant work ethic.[1] The scholar Michael Tesler argues that the election of the first black president Barack Obama in 2008 caused a resurgence of old-fashioned racism in US society. Tesler found that both overt, old-fashioned racism and racial resentment influenced how people perceived Obama.[6][7][8]
References
edit- ^ a b Virtanen, Simo V.; Huddy, Leonie (1998). "Old-Fashioned Racism and New Forms of Racial Prejudice". The Journal of Politics. 60 (2): 311–332. doi:10.2307/2647911. JSTOR 2647911. S2CID 144960602.
- ^ Lajevardi, Nazita; Oskooii, Kassra A. R. (2018). "Old-Fashioned Racism, Contemporary Islamophobia, and the Isolation of Muslim Americans in the Age of Trump". The Journal of Race, Ethnicity, and Politics. 3: 112–152. doi:10.1017/rep.2017.37.
- ^ Brown, Tony N.; Akiyama, Mark K.; White, Ismail K.; Jayaratne, Toby Epstein; Anderson, Elizabeth S. (2009). "Differentiating Contemporary Racial Prejudice from Old-Fashioned Racial Prejudice". Race and Social Problems. 1 (2): 97–110. doi:10.1007/s12552-009-9010-6. PMC 2805831. PMID 20076765.
- ^ Parker, Christopher Sebastian; Towler, Christopher C. (2019). "Race and Authoritarianism in American Politics". Annual Review of Political Science. 22: 503–519. doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-050317-064519.
- ^ Tuch, Steven A.; Martin, Jack K., eds. (1997). Racial Attitudes in the 1990s: Continuity and Change. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 45. ISBN 9780275950156.
- ^ Cramer, Katherine (2020). "Understanding the Role of Racism in Contemporary US Public Opinion". Annual Review of Political Science. 23: 153–169. doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-060418-042842.
- ^ Tesler, Michael (2013). "The Return of Old-Fashioned Racism to White Americans' Partisan Preferences in the Early Obama Era". The Journal of Politics. 75: 110–123. doi:10.1017/s0022381612000904. S2CID 32144829.
- ^ Knuckey, Jonathan; Kim, Myunghee (2015). "Racial Resentment, Old-Fashioned Racism, and the Vote Choice of Southern and Nonsouthern Whites in the 2012 U.S. Presidential Election". Social Science Quarterly. 96 (4): 905–922. doi:10.1111/ssqu.12184.