Old Dick was launched at Bermuda in 1789. She sailed to England and was lengthened in 1792. From 1792 on she made two full voyages as a Liverpool-based slave ship in the triangular trade in enslaved people. On her second she recaptured two British merchant ships. She was lost in 1796 at Jamaica after having landed her third cargo of captives.
| History | |
|---|---|
 Great Britain | |
| Name | Old Dick |
| Builder | Bermuda[1] |
| Launched | 1789[1] |
| Fate | Wrecked c.May 1796 |
| General characteristics | |
| Tons burthen | 216,[2] or 220[1] (bm) |
| Complement | 15[2] |
| Armament |
|
| Notes | Built of Bermuda cedar |
Career
editOld Dick first appeared in Lloyd's Register (LR) in 1792 with Threlfall, master, J.Gregson, owner, and trade Liverpool–Africa.[1]
1st voyage transporting enslaved people (1792–1793): Captain Joseph Threlfall sailed from Liverpool on 17 July 1792, bound for West Africa.[3] In 1792, 192 vessels sailed from English ports on voyages to transport enslaved people.[4]
Old Dick started acquiring captives in Africa on 16 September and departed for Grenada on 11 January 1793. She arrived at Grenada on 26 February. She had embarked 349 captives and she delivered 344,[3] for a mortality rate of 1%.
The Slave Trade Act 1788 (Dolben's Act) was the first British legislation passed to regulate the shipping of enslaved people. The Act limited the number of enslaved people that British slave ships could transport, based on the ships' tons burthen. One of the provisions of the act was bonuses for the master (£100) and surgeon (£50) if the mortality among the captives was under 2%; a mortality rate of under 3% resulted in a bonus of half that. Dolben's Act apparently resulted in some reduction in the numbers of captives carried per vessel, and possibly in mortality, though the evidence is ambiguous.[5]
Old Dick sailed from Grenada on 17 March and arrived back at Liverpool on 2 May. She had left Liverpool with 28 crew members and had suffered three crew deaths on the voyage.[3]
2nd voyage transporting enslaved people (1794–1795): With the onset of war with France, Captain James Bird acquired a letter of marque on 14 May 1794.[2] Old Dick sailed from Liverpool on 27 May.[6]
On 28 May 1794 two French frigates captured Martin, Brownrigg, master, sailing from Whitehaven to Antigua. Old Dick recaptured Martin and brought her into Liverpool.[7][8] Old Dick also recaptured Ilfracombe, which had been sailing from Oporto to Dublin when she was taken. Ilfracombe then arrived in Liverpool too.[9][a]
Captain James Bird sailed from Liverpool on 27 May 1794.[6] Old Dick arrived in Africa and started to gather her slaves at Loango on 3 August. She sailed from Africa on 21 October and arrived at Grenada on 19 December. She had embarked 350 slaves and she landed 344. She sailed from Grenada on 21 December and arrived back at Liverpool on 26 February 1795. She had left Liverpool with 27 crew members and suffered four crew deaths on the voyage.[6]
| Year | Master | Owner | Trade | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1796 | J.Bird | G.Case | Liverpool–Africa | LR; lengthened 1792 & repairs 1795 |
3rd voyage transporting enslaved people (1795–1796): Captain Bird sailed from Liverpool on 26 September 1795.[11] Old Dick acquired captives at Bonny, or possibly Annamaboe She delivered 340 to Kingston on 2 April 1796. Four of her crew of 31 died on her voyage.[11]
Fate
editOld Dick was lost on Rocky Point, near Morant Bay, Jamaica, probably in May. Her crew and some materials were saved.[12][b]
In 1796, some 22 British vessels in the triangular trade were lost. At least two were lost on the homeward-bound legs of their voyages.[14] During the period 1793 to 1807, war, rather than maritime hazards or resistance by the captives, was the greatest cause of vessel losses among British enslaving vessels.[15]
Notes
edit- ^ Ilfracombe, of 76 tons (bm), had been launched at Ilfracombe in 1788.[10] Ilfracome was carrying 198 pipes of wine, 30 bags of shumac, and 40 quintals of cork.[8]
- ^ By another account Old Dick, Birdy, master, was wrecked coming to Jamaica with a cargo of slaves, gold dust, and ivory. he slaves and part of her cargo were saved.[13]
Citations
edit- ^ a b c d LR (1792), Seq.№61.
- ^ a b c d "Letter of Marque, p.80 - accessed 25 July 2017" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 October 2016. Retrieved 27 October 2018.
- ^ a b c Trans Atlantic Slave Trade Database – Old Dick voyage #82961.
- ^ Behrendt (2001), p. 174, fn.6.
- ^ Klein et al. (2001), p. 8.
- ^ a b c Trans Atlantic Slave Trade Database – Old Dick voyage #82962.
- ^ Lloyd's List (LL 13 June 1794, №2620.
- ^ a b Williams (1897), p. 331.
- ^ LL 17 June 1794, №2621.
- ^ LR (1794), Seq.no.I208.
- ^ a b Trans Atlantic Slave Trade Database – Old Dick voyage #82963.
- ^ "The Marine List". Lloyd's List (2828). 13 June 1796.
- ^ Sandz & Marx (2006), p. 146.
- ^ Inikori (1996), p. 62.
- ^ Inikori (1996), p. 58.
References
edit- Behrendt, Stephen D. (2001). "Markets, Transaction Cycles, and Profits: Merchant Decision Making in the British Slave Trade". William and Mary Quarterly. 58 (1, New Perspectives on the Transatlantic Slave Trade). Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture: 171–204.
- Inikori, Joseph (1996). "Measuring the unmeasured hazards of the Atlantic slave trade: Documents relating to the British trade". Revue française d'histoire d'outre-mer. 83 (312): 53–92.
- Klein, H. S.; Engerman, S. L.n; Haines, R.; Shlomowitz, R. (2001). "Transoceanic mortality: The slave trade in comparative perspective". The William and Mary Quarterly. 58 (1): 93–117. doi:10.2307/2674420. JSTOR 2674420. PMID 18629973.
- Sandz, Victoria; Marx, Robert F. (2006). Encyclopedia of Western Atlantic Shipwrecks and Sunken Treasure. McFarland. ISBN 9780786429028.
- Williams, Gomer (2011) [1897]. History of the Liverpool Privateers and Letters of Marque: With an Account of the Liverpool Slave Trade. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-108-02627-7.