Classical Newar or Classical Nepal Bhasa (Modern Newar: pulāṃ bhāy, 'old language') also known as Old Newar, is the vernacular and literary form of Nepal Bhasa used prior to the 19th century.[1] The term is most generally used to describe the form of Nepal Bhasa used in manuscripts and other sources from the Malla dynasty.[1][2][3]
| Classical Nepal Bhasa | |
|---|---|
| Old Newar | |
| पुलाङु नेपाल भास | |
 A manuscript from the 16th century written in Classical Newar. | |
| Native to | Nepal, Bhutan, Tibet, India |
| Era | Developed into Modern Nepal Bhasa in the 19th century |
Sino-Tibetan
| |
Early forms | |
| Nepalese scripts: Ranjana script, Prachalit script, Bhujimol script Litumol script Other: Brahmi script, Kutila script, Devanagari | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-2 | nwc |
| ISO 639-3 | nwc |
| Glottolog | None |
The antiquity of the Newar language is not known. The Sanskrit stone inscriptions from the Licchavi Dynasty contains frequent use of Tibeto-Burman words, especially for proper nouns like names of person, settlements and rivers, suggesting the existence of a vernacular Tibeto-Burman language, which is believed to be an early form of the Newar language.[4][5]
Ancient era
editThe earliest known (dated) document in Nepal Bhasa is called "The Palmleaf from Uku Bahal" which dates back to 1114 AD (235 NS).[6]
- छीन ढाको तृसंघष परिभोग। छु पुलेंग कीत्य बिपार वस्त्र बिवु मिखा तिवु मदुगुन छु सात दुगुनव ल्है
- chīna ḍhākō tr̥saṃghaṣa paribhōga, chu pulēṃga kītya bipāra vastra bivu mikhā tivu maduguna chu sāta dugunava lhai
Medieval era
editThe language continued growing in the Medieval period, and enjoyed royal patronage. Noted royal writers include Mahindra Malla, Siddhinarsingh Malla, Jagatprakash Malla etc. An example of the language used in that period is provided by lines of Mooldevshashidev written by Jagatprakash Malla which verse describes Shiva and the use of a tiger skin as his seat.[7]
- धु छेगुकि पाछाव वाहान
- dhu chēguki pāchāva vāhāna
- तिलहित बिया हिङ लाहाति थाय थायस
- tilahita biyā hiŋa lāhāti thāya thāyasa
History
editThis language was the official language of Nepal from Licchavi era to Malla era of Nepal.Newar words appeared in Sanskrit inscriptions in the Kathmandu Valley for the first time in the fifth century. The words are names of places, taxes and merchandise indicating that it already existed as a spoken language during the Licchavi period (approximately 400–750 AD).[8] The inscriptions from the Licchavi period includes Newari words. Hence, it indicated that Newari was the common language during Licchavi dynasty although the official use of the period was Sanskrit, but Nepal Bhasa was already in use.[9] The earliest dated stone inscription in Thakuri dynasty is in Newari, dated Nepal Sambat 293 (1173 CE).[10]
ISO
editClassical Nepal Bhasa was introduced in ISO 639-2 code list in 2004.
Grammar
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References
edit- ^ a b Malla, Kamal Prakash (2000). A Dictionary of Classical Newari. Kahtmandu, Nepal: Cwasa Pasa. pp. vii. ISBN 99933-316-0-0.
- ^ Acharya, Baburam (1952). Nepal, Newar and Newari language. Kathmandu, Nepal: Nepal-Sanskritik Parisad.
- ^ Alan Hopkinson (2008) UNIMARC Manual: Bibliographic Format. Walter de Gruyter.
- ^ Shrestha, Purushottam Lochan (2001). Tripura ra Yuthunimama Durbara [The Royal Houses of Tripura and Yuthunimama] (in Nepali). Bhaktapur Offset Prints. p. 4. ISBN 99933-622-0-4.
- ^ Levy, Robert Isaac; Rājopādhyāya, Kedar Rāj (1990). Mesocosm: Hinduism and the Organization of a Traditional Newar City in Nepal. University of California Press. p. 36. ISBN 978-0-520-06911-4.
- ^ Malla, Kamal P. "The Earliest Dated Document in Newari: The Palmleaf from Uku Bahah NS 234/AD 1114". Kailash. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 January 2016. Retrieved 18 April 2011. Pages 15–25.
- ^ Mooldevshashidev by Jagatprakash Malla, edited by Saraswati Tuladhar
- ^ Tuladhar, Prem Shanti (2000). Nepal Bhasa Sahityaya Itihas: The History of Nepalbhasa Literature. Kathmandu: Nepal Bhasa Academy. ISBN 99933-56-00-X. Pages 19–20.
- ^ Malla 1949, p. 155.
- ^ Malla, KP (1981). "Classical Newari Literature" (PDF). p. 1. Archived from the original on 22 March 2012. Retrieved 19 March 2014.
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