The Oldman Formation is a stratigraphic unit of Late Cretaceous (Campanian stage) age that underlies much of southern Alberta, Canada. It consists primarily of sandstones that were deposited in fluvial channel and floodplain environments. It was named for exposures along the Oldman River between its confluence with the St. Mary River and the city of Lethbridge, and it is known primarily for its dinosaur remains and other fossils.[3]
| Oldman Formation | |
|---|---|
| Stratigraphic range: Campanian, | |
| Type | Geological formation |
| Unit of | Belly River Group |
| Underlies | Dinosaur Park Formation |
| Overlies | Foremost Formation |
| Thickness | up to 328 feet (100 m)[1] |
| Lithology | |
| Primary | Sandstone |
| Other | Mudstone and bentonite |
| Location | |
| Coordinates | 49°37′41″N 112°53′23″W / 49.62806°N 112.88972°W |
| Region | Western Canada Sedimentary Basin |
| Country |  Canada |
| Type section | |
| Named for | Oldman River |
| Named by | Russell, L.S. and Landes, R.W. |
| Year defined | 1940[2] |
  Oldman Formation (Canada)  Oldman Formation (Alberta) | |
Lithology
editThe Oldman Formation is composed primarily of light-colored, fine-grained sandstones. They are upward-fining, lenticular to sheet-like bodies that are yellowish, steep-faced and blocky in outcrop. The formation also includes lesser amounts of siltstone and mudstone.[4]
Depositional environments
edit
The sediments of the Oldman Formation were deposited in fluvial channels (the sandstones) and a variety of channel margin, overbank and floodplain environments (the siltstones and mudstones). The formation is about 40 metres (130 ft) thick at Dinosaur Provincial Park in southeastern Alberta. It thickens toward the southwest, and northwestern Montana appears to have been the primary source of the sediments.[4]
Relationship to other units
editThe Oldman Formation is a member of the Belly River Group (also known as the Judith River Group). It conformably overlies the Foremost Formation, and is separated from the overlying Dinosaur Park Formation by a regional disconformity. The sediments of the Oldman are superficially similar to those of the Dinosaur Park, which was included in the Oldman Formation prior to the recognition of the disconformity. The two formations can also be distinguished by petrographic and sedimentologic differences.[3][4]
Age
editThe Oldman Formation was deposited during the middle Campanian, between about 77.5 and 76.5 million years ago.[5] It lies fully within magnetic polarity Chron 33n.[6]
Fossil content
editList of dinosaurs found in the formation:[5][7]
Color key
|
Notes Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; |
Theropods
edit| Theropods of the Oldman Formation | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genus | Species | Location | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
| Daspletosaurus | D. torosus | Lower | Several specimens with a complete skeleton | A tyrannosaurid |  | |
| D. wilsoni[8] | Upper | Two skulls with associated postcrania | A tyrannosaurid | |||
| Dromaeosaurus | Indeterminate | Teeth | A dromaeosaurid |  | ||
| cf. Hesperonychus[9] | Indeterminate | Foot claw | A dromaeosaurid or an avialan[10] |  | ||
| Paronychodon | Indeterminate | Teeth | A troodontid | |||
| Prismatoolithus[11] | P. levis | Partial clutch containing 12 eggs | ||||
| Ricardoestesia | R. isosceles | Misreported | ||||
| Indeterminate | Teeth | A dromaeosaurid | ||||
| Saurornitholestes | S. langstoni | Partial remains | A dromaeosaurid |  | ||
| Troodon | Dubious | Teeth, eggs, embryos | A dubious taxon of troodontid, most specimens formerly considered Troodon have been reassigned to other genera such as Stenonychosaurus |  | ||
| Struthiomimus | S. altus | Several specimens, including a nearly complete skeleton[12] | An ornithomimid |  | ||
Ornithischians
edit| Ornithischians of the Oldman Formation | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genus | Species | Location | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
| Albertaceratops | A. nesmoi | Lower | Single Skull | A ceratopsid |  | |
| Albertadromeus[13] | A. syntarsus | Upper | A thescelosaurid | |||
| Anchiceratops | Indeterminate | A ceratopsid |  | |||
| Brachylophosaurus | B. canadensis | Upper | Skull And partial skeleton | A hadrosaurid |  | |
| Chasmosaurus | C. brevirostris | Junior synonym of C. russelli |  | |||
| C. russelli | Upper | A ceratopsid, also found in the Dinosaur Park Formation | ||||
| Coronosaurus | C. brinkmani | Upper | A ceratopsid |  | ||
| Corythosaurus | C. casuarius | Upper | A hadrosaurid, also found in the Dinosaur Park Formation | |||
| Foraminacephale | F. brevis | Also known from the Dinosaur Park Formation[14] | A pachycephalosaurid, once thought to be a species of Stegoceras | 
| ||
| Gremlin[15] | G. slobodorum | Lower | A right frontal | A leptoceratopsid | ||
| Hanssuesia | H. sternbergi | Upper, also present in the Dinosaur Park Formation and Judith River Formation | skull dome | A pachycephalosaurid, potentially synonymous with Stegoceras validum[16] |  | |
| Maiasaura | M. peeblesorum | Upper | A hadrosaurid, also known from the Two Medicine Formation.[17] | |||
| Parasaurolophus | P. walkeri | Upper | A hadrosaurid, also found in the Dinosaur Park Formation |  | ||
| Scolosaurus | S. cutleri | Upper | An ankylosaurid, may actually be from the Dinosaur Park Formation |  | ||
| Wendiceratops | W. pinhornensis | Lower | Partial Skeleton And Partial Skull | A centrosaurine |  | |
| An unnamed orodromine | Unnamed | Upper | An orodromine distinct from Albertadromeus. Closer to Oryctodromeus than to Albertadromeus, Orodromeus, and Zephyrosaurus.[13] | |||
See also
edit- List of fossil sites (with link directory)
- List of dinosaur-bearing rock formations
References
edit- ^ Lexicon of Canadian Geological Units. "Oldman Formation". Archived from the original on 2013-02-22. Retrieved 2009-02-06.
- ^ Russell, L.S. and Landes, R.W., 1940. Geology of the southern Alberta Plains; Geological Survey of Canada, Memoir 221.
- ^ a b Eberth, D.A. and Hamblin A.P. 1993. Tectonic, stratigraphic, and sedimentologic significance of a regional discontinuity in the upper Judith River Group (Belly River wedge) of southern Alberta, Saskatchewan, and northern Montana. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 30: 174-200.
- ^ a b c Eberth, D.A. 2005. The geology. In: Currie, P.J., and Koppelhus, E.B. (eds), Dinosaur Provincial Park: A Spectacular Ancient Ecosystem Revealed. Indiana University Press: Bloomington and Indianapolis, p. 54-82. ISBN 0-253-34595-2.
- ^ a b Arbour, V.M.; Burns, M. E.; Sissons, R. L. (2009). "A redescription of the ankylosaurid dinosaur Dyoplosaurus acutosquameus Parks, 1924 (Ornithischia: Ankylosauria) and a revision of the genus". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 29 (4): 1117–1135. Bibcode:2009JVPal..29.1117A. doi:10.1671/039.029.0405.
- ^ Lerbekmo, J.F. 1989. The position of the 33-33r (Campanian) polarity chron boundary in southeastern Alberta. Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology 37: 43-47.
- ^ Weishampel, D.B., Barrett, P.M., Coria, R.A., Le Loueff, J., Xu X., Zhao X., Sahni, A., Gomani, E.M.P., & Noto, C.N. 2004. Dinosaur distribution. In: Weishampel, D.B., Dodson, P., & Osmólska, H. (Eds.). The Dinosauria (2nd Edition). Berkeley: University of California Press. Pp. 517-606.
- ^ Warshaw, Elías A.; Guevara, Daniela Barrera; Fowler, Denver W. (2024-11-01). "Anagenesis and the tyrant pedigree: A response to "Re-analysis of a dataset refutes claims of anagenesis within Tyrannosaurus-line tyrannosaurines (Theropoda, Tyrannosauridae)"". Cretaceous Research. 163: 105957. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2024.105957. ISSN 0195-6671.
- ^ Longrich, N.R.; Currie, P.J. (2009). "A microraptorine (Dinosauria–Dromaeosauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of North America". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 106 (13): 5002–5007. Bibcode:2009PNAS..106.5002L. doi:10.1073/pnas.0811664106. PMC 2664043. PMID 19289829.
- ^ Hartman, Scott; Mortimer, Mickey; Wahl, William R.; Lomax, Dean R.; Lippincott, Jessica; Lovelace, David M. (2019-07-10). "A new paravian dinosaur from the Late Jurassic of North America supports a late acquisition of avian flight". PeerJ. 7: e7247. doi:10.7717/peerj.7247. ISSN 2167-8359. PMC 6626525. PMID 31333906.
- ^ Zelenitsky, Darla K.; Hills, L.V. (1996). "An egg clutch of Prismatoolithus levis oosp. nov. from the Oldman Formation (Upper Cretaceous), Devil's Coulee, southern Alberta". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 33 (8): 1127–1131. Bibcode:1996CaJES..33.1127Z. doi:10.1139/e96-085.
- ^ Claessens, L.; Loewen, Mark A. (2015). "A redescription of Ornithomimus velox Marsh, 1890 (Dinosauria, Theropoda)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 36: e1034593. doi:10.1080/02724634.2015.1034593.
- ^ a b Brown, C. M.; Evans, D. C.; Ryan, M. J.; Russell, A. P. (2013). "New data on the diversity and abundance of small-bodied ornithopods (Dinosauria, Ornithischia) from the Belly River Group (Campanian) of Alberta". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 33 (3): 495. Bibcode:2013JVPal..33..495B. doi:10.1080/02724634.2013.746229.
- ^ Sullivan, R.M. (2006). "A taxonomic review of the Pachycephalosauridae (Dinosauria: Ornithischia)" (PDF). In Lucas, S.G.; Sullivan, R.M. (eds.). Late Cretaceous vertebrates from the Western Interior. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin. Vol. 35. pp. 347–365.
- ^ Ryan, M.J.; Micucci, L.; Rizo, H.; Sullivan, C.; Lee, Y.-N.; Evans, D.C. (2023). "A New Late Cretaceous leptoceratopsid (Dinosauria: Ceratopsia) from the Oldman Formation (Campanian) of Alberta, Canada". In Lee, Y.-N. (ed.). Windows into Sauropsid and Synapsid Evolution: Essays in Honor of Prof. Louis L. Jacobs. Seoul: Dinosaur Science Center Press. pp. 151–165. ISBN 978-89-5708-358-1.
- ^ Dyer, Aaron D.; Powers, Mark J.; Currie, Philip J. (2023). "Problematic putative pachycephalosaurids: Synchrotron µCT imaging shines new light on the anatomy and taxonomic validity of Gravitholus albertae from the Belly River Group (Campanian) of Alberta, Canada". Vertebrate Anatomy Morphology Palaeontology. 10 (1): 65–110. doi:10.18435/vamp29388. ISSN 2292-1389.
- ^ McFeeters, Bradley D.; Evans, David C.; Ryan, Michael J.; Maddin, Hillary C. (22 December 2020). "First occurrence of Maiasaura (Dinosauria, Hadrosauridae) from the Upper Cretaceous Oldman Formation of southern Alberta, Canada". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 58 (3): 286–296. doi:10.1139/cjes-2019-0207.
Bibliography
edit- D.A. Eberth. 1996. Origin and significance of mud-filled incised valleys (Upper Cretaceous) in southern Alberta, Canada. Sedimentology 43:459–477
- Ryan, M. J., and Russell, A. P., 2001. Dinosaurs of Alberta (exclusive of Aves): In: Mesozoic Vertebrate Life, edited by Tanke, D. H., and Carpenter, K., Indiana University Press, pp. 279–297