Online doctor is a term that emerged during the 2000s, used by both the media[1] and academics, to describe a generation of physicians and health practitioners who deliver healthcare, including drug prescription, over the internet.
Emergence of online doctoring
editIn the 2000s, many people came to treat the internet as a first, or at least a major, source of information and communication. Health advice is now the second-most popular topic, after pornography, that people search for on the internet.[2] With the advent of broadband and videoconferencing, many individuals have turned to online doctors to receive online consultations and purchase prescription drugs. Use of this technology has many advantages for both the doctor and the patient, including cost savings, convenience, accessibility, and improved privacy and communication.
In the US, a 2006 study found that searching for information on prescription or over-the-counter drugs was the fifth most popular search topic, and a 2004 study found that 4% of Americans had purchased prescription medications online.[3] A 2009 survey conducted by Geneva-based Health On the Net Foundation found one-in-ten Europeans buys medicines from websites and one-third claim to use online consultation.[4] In Germany, approximately seven million people buy from mail-order pharmacies, and mail-order sales account for approximately 8–10% of total pharmaceutical sales.[5] In 2008, the Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain reported that approximately two million people in Great Britain were regularly purchasing pharmaceuticals online (both with a prescription from registered online UK doctors and without prescriptions from other websites).[6] A recent survey commissioned by Pfizer, the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency, RPSGB, the Patients Association and HEART UK found that 15% of the British adults asked had bought a prescription-only medicine online.[7]
In developed countries, many online doctors prescribe so-called ‘lifestyle drugs’,[8] such as for weight loss, hair loss or erectile dysfunction. The RPSGB has identified the most popular products prescribed online as Prozac (an antidepressant), Viagra (for erectile dysfunction), Valium (a tranquilliser), Ritalin (a psychostimulant), Serostim (a synthetic growth hormone) and Provigil (a psychostimulant).[9] A study in the USA has also shown that antibiotics are commonly available online without prescription.[10]
Potential harm
editTraditionalist critics of online doctors argue that an online doctor cannot provide proper examinations or diagnosis either by email or video call.[11] Such consultations, they argue, will always be dangerous, with the potential for serious disease to be missed.[12] There are also concerns that the absence of proximity leads to treatment by unqualified doctors [13] or patients using false information to secure dangerous drugs.[14]
Proponents argue there is little difference between an e-mail consultation and the sort of telephone assessment and advice that doctors regularly make out of hours or in circumstances where doctors cannot physically examine a patient (e.g., jungle medicine).[15]
Laurence Buckman, chairman of the British Medical Association’s GPs’ committee, says that online consultations make life easier for doctors and patients when used properly. "Many GPs will be very happy with it and it could be useful. When it’s a regular patient you know well, it follows on from telephone consulting. Voice is essential, vision is desirable. The problem comes when I don’t know the patient".[16] Niall Dickson, chief executive of the General Medical Council, says: "We trust doctors to use their judgement to decide whether they should see a patient in person. Online consultations will be appropriate for some patients, whereas other patients will need a physical examination or may benefit from seeing their doctor in person".[16]
Past and future developments
editThe first medical consulting website in the US was WebMD,[17] founded in 1996 by Jim Clark (one of the founders of Netscape) and Pavan Nigam as Healthscape. Currently, its website carries information regarding health and health care, including a symptom checklist, pharmacy information, drug information, blogs of physicians with specific topics, and a place to store personal medical information. As of February 2011, WebMD's network of sites reaches an average of 86.4 million visitors per month[18] and is the leading health portal in the United States.[19]
Many US healthcare and medical consulting sites have experienced dramatic growth. (Healthline, launched in 2005, grew by 269% to 2.7 million average monthly unique visitors in Q1 2007 from 0.8 million average monthly unique visitors in Q1 2006).[20] Several American online doctor companies provide consultations with doctors over the phone or the Internet. Prominent San Francisco-based venture capital firm Founders Fund called such services "extraordinarily fast" and predicted that they will "bring relief to thousands of people with immediate medical needs".[21]
In the UK, e-med was the first online health site to offer both a diagnosis and prescriptions to patients over the Internet. It was established in March 2000 by Dr. Julian Eden,[2][22] In 2010, DrThom claimed to have 100,000 patients visit their site.[23] NHS Direct (currently NHS Choices) is the free health advice and information service provided by the National Health Service (NHS) for residents and visitors in the UK, with advice offered 24 hours a day via telephone and web contact. Over 1.5 million patients visit the website every month.[24] More recently, a number of online doctors have emerged in the country, firms such as Now Healthcare Group, Dr Fox Pharmacy, Push Doctor and Lloyds Pharmacy offer consultation and prescriptions via the Internet.
In Australia HealthDirect is the free health advice and information service provided by the government with advice offered 24 hours a day via telephone. Medicare began funding online consultations for specialists on 1 July 2011 which has seen a slow but steady increase in volumes.
In India, Lybrate is an online healthcare platform to connect doctors and patients to get an instant solution on their mobile. This mobile technology allows a patient to connect with the doctor online through a video call, live message chat or schedule an appointment and can get instant medication info.
New advances in digital information technology mean that in future online doctors and healthcare websites may offer advanced scanning and diagnostic services over the internet. The Nuffield Council on Bioethics identifies such services as direct-to-consumer body imaging (such as CT and MRI scans) and personal genetic profiling for individual susceptibility to disease.[25] Professor Sir Bruce Keogh, the medical director of the UK NHS, is drawing up plans to introduce electronic consultation via Skype and has said IT will "completely change the way [doctors] deliver medicine".
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Are online doctors the best medicine?, USA Today, 20 November 2010
- ^ a b House call - No appointments, no waiting, speedy diagnosis and prescription - online doctors are flourishing. But are they safe?, The Guardian, 4 June 2000
- ^ Online health search Archived 13 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine S. Fox, 2006. Prescription drugs online Archived 13 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine S. Fox, 2004
- ^ Online Patient Safety Climate Survey: Tool Development and Lessons Learned, Lynne M. Connelly and Judy L. Powers, U.S. National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health
- ^ Mail-order trade in medicines in Europe: a guide for legislators to protect consumers, NJ Seeberg-Elverfeldt European Journal of Health Law 16: 351–66, 2009
- ^ Millions risk health buying drugs online Archived 24 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain, 2008
- ^ Get Real, Get a Prescription’ campaign Archived 23 October 2022 at the Wayback Machine Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain, 2009
- ^ Medicalisation: The role of e-pharmacies in iatrogenic harm, N. Glover-Thomas and J. Fanning, Medical Law Review 18(1): 28–55, 2010
- ^ RPSGB p.12
- ^ Availability of antibiotics for purchase without a prescription on the internet, AG Mainous, CJ Everett, RE Post, VA Diaz and WJ Hueston, Annals of Family Medicine 7(5): 431–5, 2009
- ^ Consulting Online Archived 24 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine Financial Times, 1 September 2000
- ^ Are Online Doctors The Best Medicine?, USA Today quoting Roland Goertz of the American Academy of Family Physicians, 20 November 2010
- ^ USA Today
- ^ Online doctor put patients at risk, hearing told The Guardian, 3 February 2007
- ^ The doctor will see you now . . . over the internetThe Times quoting Professor Sir Bruce Keogh, NHS Medical Director, 29 August 2011
- ^ a b The Times
- ^ Corporate History History of WebMD
- ^ History of WebMD
- ^ comScore Media Metrix rating Web 3.0 & Online Health, comScore Media Metrix rating 2011
- ^ comScore Media Metrix
- ^ [1] TechCrunch, retrieved 22 June 2012
- ^ GP treats patients 'over the internet' BBC,23 July 2000
- ^ British websites are pushing boundaries of online medicine 'USA Today', 8 July 2011
- ^ History of NHS Direct Archived 16 April 2014 at the Wayback Machine NHS Direct, retrieved 14 January 2009
- ^ Nuffield p.22
External links
edit- NHS Choices The UK government's medical advice and treatment portal
- FDA Federal Drug Administration's guidelines to consumers dealing with online doctors
- FSMB Federation of State Medical Boards, body of the state medical boards that regulate online doctors in the US
- CQC Quality Care Commission Board, body that regulates online doctors in the UK