Wikipedia

Oodgeroo Noonuccal

Oodgeroo Noonuccal (/ˈʊdɡəruː ˈnuːnəkəl/ UUD-gə-roo NOO-nə-kəl; born Kathleen Jean Mary Ruska, later Kath Walker (3 November 1920 – 16 September 1993) was an Aboriginal Australian political activist, artist and educator, who campaigned for Aboriginal rights.[1] Noonuccal was best known for her poetry, and was the first Aboriginal Australian to publish a book of verse.[2]

Oodgeroo Noonuccal
(Kath Walker)
Oodgeroo Noonuccal
at Brisbane's King George Square, March 1975
Born
Kathleen Jean Mary Ruska

(1920-11-03)3 November 1920
Minjerribah, Queensland, Australia
Died16 September 1993(1993-09-16) (aged 72)
Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
NationalityAustralian
Other namesKath Walker, Kathleen Ruska
EducationBookkeeping, typing, shorthand
Occupation(s)Army officer, writer, teacher, poet
Employer(s)Australian Women's Army Service, Noonuccal-Nughie Education Cultural Centre
Known forPoetry, acting, writing, Aboriginal rights activism
Political partyCommunist Party of Australia
Australian Labor Party
Australian Democrats
Board member ofFederal Council for the Advancement of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders (FCAATSI)
SpouseBruce Walker
ChildrenDenis Walker
Vivian Walker
Parent(s)Ted and Lucy Ruska
Notes
* Mary Gilmore Medal (1970)
* Jessie Litchfield Award (1975)
* International Acting Award
* Fellowship of Australian Writers' Award
* Member of the Order of the British Empire
* Honorary Doctorate (Queensland University of Technology)
* Honorary Doctorate (Macquarie University)
* Doctorate (Griffith University)[1]

Life as a poet, artist, writer and activist

edit

Oodgeroo Noonuccal joined the Australian Women's Army Service in 1942, after her two brothers were captured by the Japanese at the fall of Singapore. Serving as a signaller in Brisbane she met many black American soldiers, as well as European Australians. These contacts helped to lay the foundations for her later advocacy of Aboriginal rights.[3] During the 1940s, she joined the Communist Party of Australia because it was the only party which opposed the White Australia policy.[4][5]

During the 1960s Walker emerged as a prominent political activist and writer. She was Queensland state secretary of the Federal Council for the Advancement of Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders (FCAATSI),[6] and was involved in a number of other political organisations. She was a key figure in the campaign for the reform of the Australian constitution to allow Aboriginal people full citizenship, lobbying Prime Minister Robert Menzies in 1965, and his successor Harold Holt in 1966.[7] At one deputation in 1963, she taught Robert Menzies a lesson in the realities of Aboriginal life. After the Prime Minister offered the deputation an alcoholic drink, he was startled to learn from her that in Queensland he could be jailed for this.[8]

She wrote many books, beginning with We Are Going (1964), the first book to be published by an Aboriginal woman.[9] The title poem concludes:

The scrubs are gone, the hunting and the laughter.
The eagle is gone, the emu and the kangaroo are gone from this place.
The bora ring is gone.
The corroboree is gone.
And we are going.

This first book of poetry was extraordinarily successful, selling out in several editions, and setting Oodgeroo well on the way to be Australia's highest-selling poet alongside C. J. Dennis.[10] Critics' responses were mixed, with some questioning whether Oodgeroo, as an Aboriginal person, could really have written it herself. Others were disturbed by the activism of the poems, and found that they were "propaganda" rather than what they considered to be real poetry.[11] Oodgeroo embraced the idea of her poetry as propaganda, and described her own style as "sloganistic, civil-writerish, plain and simple."[12] She wanted to convey pride in her Aboriginality to the broadest possible audience, and to popularise equality and Aboriginal rights through her writing.[13]

Walker was inaugural president of the committee of the Aboriginal Publications Foundation, which published the magazine Identity in the 1970s.[14]

In 1972 she bought a property on North Stradbroke Island (also known as Minjerribah) which she called Moongalba ("sitting-down place"), and established the Noonuccal-Nughie Education and Cultural Centre.[1] And in 1977, a documentary about her, called Shadow Sister, was released. It was directed and produced by Frank Heimans and photographed by Geoff Burton. It describes her return to Moongalba and her life there.[15] In a 1987 interview, she described her education program at Moongalba, saying that over "the last seventeen years I've had 26,500 children on the island. White kids as well as black. And if there were green ones, I'd like them too ... I'm colour blind, you see. I teach them about Aboriginal culture. I teach them about the balance of nature."[16] Oodgeroo was committed to education at all levels, and collaborated with universities in creating programs for teacher education that would lead to better teaching in Australian schools.[17]

On 13 June 1970, Noonuccal (as Kathleen Jean Mary Walker) received the award of Member of the Order of the British Empire (Civil) (MBE) for her services to the community.[18]

In 1974 Noonuccal was aboard a British Airways flight that was hijacked by terrorists campaigning for Palestinian liberation. The hijackers shot a crew member and a passenger and forced the plane to fly to several different African destinations. During her three days in captivity, she used a blunt pencil and an airline sickbag from the seat pocket to write two poems, "Commonplace" and "Yusuf (Hijacker)".[19][20][21]

In 1983, Noonuccal announced she would stand as an independent candidate for the Senate in Queensland at the 1983 federal election. She unsuccessfully attempted to recruit Senator Neville Bonner to join her on a pro-Aboriginal ticket, following his resignation from the Liberal Party. She subsequently withdrew her candidacy, stating she and Bonner were likely to split the vote.[22][23] Later in the year Noonuccal ran in the 1983 Queensland state election for the Australian Democrats political party in the seat of Redlands. Her campaign focused around policies promoting the environment and Aboriginal rights.[24] Receiving 6.4% of the primary vote, she was not elected.

In 1986 she played the part of Eva in Bruce Beresford's film, The Fringe Dwellers.[25][26]

In December 1987, she announced she would return her MBE in protest over the Australian Government's intention to celebrate the Australian Bicentenary which she described as "200 years of sheer unadulterated humiliation" of Aboriginal people. She also announced she would change her name to Oodgeroo Noonuccal, with Oodgeroo meaning "paperbark tree" and Noonuccal (also spelt Nunukul) being her people's name.[27][28]

Personal life and family

edit

Noonuccal was born Kathleen Jean Mary Ruska on 3 November 1920 on North Stradbroke Island.[1] She attended Dunwich State School and then became a domestic servant.[29][5]

On 8 May 1943 she married childhood friend and Brisbane waterside worker Bruce Walker at the Methodist Church, West End, Brisbane. The couple had one son Denis, but they later separated.[4][5][30]

She worked for Raphael and Phyllis Cilento[31] and had a second son, Vivian Charles Walker, with the Cilentos' son Raphael junior, born in Brisbane in 1953. In 1970 Vivian won the first Aboriginal scholarship to attend the National Institute of Dramatic Art, and worked in the performing and visual arts.[32] He lived and worked abroad for many years before returning to Australia, where his talent was fostered by the Aboriginal National Theatre Trust, which was established in 1988.[33] In 1988 he adopted the Indigenous name Kabul Oodgeroo Noonuccal,[31] kabul meaning carpet snake,[4][29] and in the same year co-authored The Rainbow Serpent with his mother, for Expo 88.[32] In March 1990 he directed the world premiere of Munjong, by Richard Walley, at the Victorian Arts Centre.[34] He died on 20 February 1991.[32][35]

Oodgeroo Noonuccal died from cancer on 16 September 1993 at the Repatriation General Hospital at Greenslopes, Brisbane, aged 72 years and was buried at Moongalba on North Stradbroke Island.[1][4][29][36]

In culture

edit

A play has been written by Sam Watson entitled Oodgeroo: Bloodline to Country, based on Oodgeroo Noonuccal's real-life experience as an Aboriginal woman on board a flight hijacked by Palestinian terrorists on her way home from a committee meeting in Nigeria for the World Black and African Festival of Arts and Culture[37]

Noonuccal's poetry has been set to music by numerous composers, including Christopher Gordon, Clare Maclean, Stephen Leek, Andrew Ford, Paul Stanhope, Mary Mageau, and Joseph Twist.[38]

Recognition

edit

Oodgeroo won several literary awards, including the Mary Gilmore Medal (1970), the Jessie Litchfield Award (1975),[39] and the FAW Patricia Weickhardt Award to an Aboriginal Writer (1985).[40][41]

She received an honorary Doctorate of Letters from Macquarie University for her contribution to Australian literature in 1988.[42][43] She was also made an honorary Doctor of the University by Griffith University in 1989,[44] and was awarded a further honorary Doctor of Letters degree in 1991 by Monash University.[45] In 1992, Oodgeroo Noonuccal received an honorary Doctorate from the Faculty of Education Queensland University of Technology for both her contribution to literature and in recognition of her work in the field of education.[39]

In 1979, she was awarded the Sixth Annual Oscar at the Micheaux Awards Ceremony, hosted by the US Black Filmmakers Hall of Fame and in the same year received the International Acting Award for the film Shadow Sisters.[46]

She was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire in 1970, but returned the award in 1987 in protest at the Australian Bicentenary celebrations in order to make a political statement about the condition of her people.[28][1]

In 1985, she was named Aboriginal of the Year, by the National Aborigines Day Observance Committee (NADOC, now NAIDOC), an honour bestowed by Indigenous people.[36][47]

In 1991, the commemorative plaque with her name on it was one of the first installed on Sydney Writers Walk.[48]

In 1992 Queensland University of Technology (QUT) awarded her an honorary doctorate from the Faculty of Education recognising her contributions to literature and education. In 2006 the university renamed their Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Support Unit as the Oodgeroo Unit in her honour.[39] The university also has the Oodgeroo Scholarship Program which provides undergraduate and postgraduate scholarships for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander students.[49]

In 2009 as part of the Q150 celebrations, she was announced as one of the Q150 Icons of Queensland for her role as an "Influential Artist".[48]

In 2016 the Queensland Poetry Festival introduced an Indigenous program which included the inaugural Oodgeroo Noonuccal Indigenous Poetry Prize.[50]

The electoral district of Oodgeroo created in the 2017 Queensland state electoral redistribution was named after her.[51]

Bibliography

edit

Poetry

  • Son of Mine (To Dennis) (1960)
  • Municipal Gum (1960)
  • "A Song of Hope" (1960)
  • We are Going: Poems (1964)
  • The Dawn is at Hand: Poems (1966)
  • Ballad of the Totebrush (1966)
  • The Past (1970)
  • White Australia (1970)
  • All One Race (1970)
  • Freedom (1970)
  • Then and Now (1970)
  • Last of His Tribe (1970)
  • My People: A Kath Walker collection (1970)
  • No More Boomerang (1985)
  • Then and now (1985)
  • Kath Walker in China (1988)
  • The Unhappy Race (1992
  • The Colour Bar (1990)
  • Let Us Not Be Bitter (1990)
  • Oodgeroo (1994)

For children

  • Stradbroke Dreamtime (1972)
  • Father Sky and Mother Earth (1981)
  • Little Fella (1986)
  • The Rainbow Serpent (1988)

Non fiction

  • Towards a Global Village in the Southern Hemisphere (1989)
  • The Spirit of Australia (1989)
  • Australian Legends And Landscapes (1990)
  • Australia's Unwritten History: More legends of our land (1992)
  • Oodgeroo of the tribe Nunukul in The Republicanism Debate (1993)

Notes

edit
  1. ^ a b c d e f Land, Clare (16 September 2013). "Oodgeroo Noonuccal (1920–1993)". Australian Women's Archives Project. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 23 February 2016.
  2. ^ "Oodgeroo Noonuccal." Encyclopedia of World Biography Supplement, Vol. 27. Gale, 2007
  3. ^ "Indigenous defence service - The Australian War Memorial". www.awm.gov.au. Archived from the original on 3 March 2018. Retrieved 5 March 2018.
  4. ^ a b c d Abbey, Sue. "Oodgeroo Noonuccal (1920–1993)". Noonuccal, Oodgeroo (1920–1993). National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. Archived from the original on 13 May 2019. Retrieved 13 May 2019.
  5. ^ a b c "Obituary: OODGEROO NOONUCCAL (Kath Walker) A tireless fighter for land and civil rights". The Canberra Times. Vol. 68, no. 21, 339. Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 17 September 1993. p. 4. Retrieved 6 November 2019 – via National Library of Australia.
  6. ^ Cochrane, (1994), p. 67; Elaine Darling, They spoke out pretty good: politics and gender in the Brisbane Aboriginal Rights Movement 1958–1962 (St Kilda, Vic.: Janoan Media Exchange, c1998.), p. 189.
  7. ^ Cochrane, (1994), p. 63.
  8. ^ "Oodgeroo Noonuccal (Kath (Ruska) Walker)". Reconciliation Australia. Archived from the original on 5 April 2012. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
  9. ^ Maori and Aboriginal Women in the Public Eye: Representing Difference, 1950-2000. ANU E Press. December 2011. ISBN 9781921862625. Archived from the original on 23 February 2015. Retrieved 23 February 2014.
  10. ^ Mitchell, (1987), pp. 200–2.
  11. ^ Rooney, Brigid, Literary activists: writer-intellectuals and Australian public life (St Lucia, Qld.) : University of Queensland Press, 2009, pp. 68–9
  12. ^ Kath Walker, "Aboriginal Literature" Identity 2.3 (1975) pp. 39–40
  13. ^ Cochrane, (1994), p. 37
  14. ^ "Records of the Aboriginal Publications Foundation: MS3781" (PDF). AIATSIS Library. Retrieved 29 September 2022.
  15. ^ "Shadow Sister: A Film Biography of Aboriginal Poet Kath Walker (Oodgeroo Noonuccal), MBE". Archived from the original on 19 July 2008. Retrieved 14 March 2017.
  16. ^ Mitchell, (1987), p. 206.
  17. ^ Rhonda Craven, "The role of teachers in the Year of Indigenous people: Oodgeroo of the Tribe Noonuccal (Kath Walker)", Aboriginal Studies Association Journal, No. 3 (1994), p. 55-56.
  18. ^ "Mrs Kathleen Jean Mary Walker". It's An Honour. Australian Government. Archived from the original on 6 November 2019. Retrieved 6 November 2019.
  19. ^ Powell, Marg; Rickertt, Jeff. "Kath Walker - Sick Bag Poem - Treasures from the Fryer Library". Library.uq.edu.au. Archived from the original on 31 March 2012. Retrieved 12 January 2012.
  20. ^ "WORLD NEWS". The Canberra Times. Vol. 49, no. 13, 923. Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 27 November 1974. p. 6. Retrieved 6 November 2019 – via National Library of Australia.
  21. ^ "AUSTRALIAN HOSTAGES Hijackers free 17 from British jet". The Canberra Times. Vol. 49, no. 13, 921. Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 25 November 1974. p. 1. Retrieved 6 November 2019 – via National Library of Australia.
  22. ^ "It's politics as usual for Independent Bonner". The Canberra Times. 13 February 1983.
  23. ^ "Kath Walker withdraws". The Canberra Times. 15 February 1983.
  24. ^ Floyd, B., Inside Story, p. 71, Boolarong Press, Salisbury.
  25. ^ The Fringe Dwellers (1986) - IMDb, archived from the original on 6 August 2013, retrieved 30 December 2019
  26. ^ "The Fringe Dwellers". australianscreen. Archived from the original on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 30 December 2019.
  27. ^ "Aboriginal poet will return MBE". The Canberra Times. Vol. 62, no. 19, 065. Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 16 December 1987. p. 3. Retrieved 6 November 2019 – via National Library of Australia.
  28. ^ a b "Encyclopedia of World Biography Supplement: Supplement (Mi-So): Oodgeroo Noonuccal Biography". Notable Biographies. Archived from the original on 27 February 2016. Retrieved 23 February 2016.
  29. ^ a b c "Oodgeroo Noonuccal". AustLit. 20 May 2019. Archived from the original on 6 November 2019. Retrieved 6 November 2019.
  30. ^ "Marriage registration: Kathleen Jean Mary Ruska". Family history research. Queensland Government. Archived from the original on 6 November 2019. Retrieved 6 November 2019.
  31. ^ a b "Oodgeroo Noonuccal". Australian Poetry Library. University of Sydney. Archived from the original on 2 February 2014.
  32. ^ a b c "Kabul Oodgeroo Noonuccal, 1953-". Fryer Library Manuscripts. 19 February 2020. Retrieved 8 August 2022.
  33. ^ Croft, Brenda (2006). "Michael Riley: Sights Unseen". Exhibition, with extensive biographical notes. Archived from the original on 3 December 2021.
  34. ^ "Aboriginal National Theatre Trust Limited - records, 1902-1991 [Catalogue record]". State Library of New South Wales. Old Catalogue. Retrieved 8 August 2022.
  35. ^ "Kabul Oodgeroo Noonuccal". AustLit. 23 July 2014. Retrieved 8 August 2022.
  36. ^ a b "Passing of Oodgeroo of The Tribe Noonuccul". Torres News. No. 51. Queensland, Australia. 1 October 1993. p. 20. Retrieved 6 November 2019 – via National Library of Australia.
  37. ^ "Oodgeroo - Bloodline To Country". AustralianPlays.org. Archived from the original on 30 March 2012. Retrieved 12 January 2012.
  38. ^ "Oodgeroo Noonuccal : Australian Music Centre". Archived from the original on 14 March 2017. Retrieved 14 March 2017.
  39. ^ a b c "Oodgeroo Noonuccal story". Queensland University of Technology. Archived from the original on 6 November 2019. Retrieved 6 November 2019.
  40. ^ "FAW Patricia Weickhardt Award to an Aboriginal Writer". AustLit. Retrieved 7 November 2023.
  41. ^ "100 great Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders you really ought to know". Central News. 14 October 2023. Retrieved 7 November 2023.
  42. ^ Australian Poetry Library. "Noonuccal, Oodgeroo". www.poetrylibrary.edu.au. University of Sydney and the Copyright Agency Limited. Archived from the original on 26 February 2020. Retrieved 6 April 2021.
  43. ^ Macquarie University. "Honorary doctorates: Previous honoris causa recipients". MQU Students. Sydney. Retrieved 6 April 2021.
  44. ^ Griffith University. "Award of Doctor of the University". Griffith Archive. Nathan, Queensland. Archived from the original ((In 1977, the Griffith Council resolved to change the name of the degree to Doctor of the University)) on 27 February 2020. Retrieved 6 April 2021.
  45. ^ Monash University. "Roll of Honorary Graduates: Oodgeroo of the Tribe Noonuccal". Your alumni community. Clayton, Victoria. Retrieved 6 April 2021.
  46. ^ Who's Who of Australian Women. Methuen Australia Pty Ltd. 1982. ISBN 0454004370.
  47. ^ "National NAIDOC Awards: Winner profiles" (Person of the Year Award; Note: In 1985, this award was known as "Aboriginal of the Year".). www.naidoc.org.au. Commonwealth of Australia. 2021. Retrieved 6 April 2021. At the end of every NAIDOC Week, the National NAIDOC Awards are announced at a ceremony and ball event in the national focus city
  48. ^ a b Bligh, Anna (10 June 2009). "PREMIER UNVEILS QUEENSLAND'S 150 ICONS". Queensland Government. Archived from the original on 24 May 2017. Retrieved 24 May 2017.
  49. ^ "Oodgeroo Noonuccal Postgraduate and Undergraduate Scholarships" (PDF). Queensland University of Technology. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 November 2019. Retrieved 6 November 2019.
  50. ^ "Queensland Poetry Festival". ATSICHS. Archived from the original on 15 February 2017. Retrieved 24 August 2017.
  51. ^ Queensland Redistribution Commission (26 May 2017). "Determination of Queensland's Legislative Assembly Electoral Districts" (PDF). Queensland Government Gazette. p. 177. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 October 2017. Retrieved 29 October 2017.

References

edit

Secondary sources

edit
 
Wikiquote has quotations related to Oodgeroo Noonuccal.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oodgeroo_Noonuccal&oldid=1247782867"