Operation Doppelschlag (Operation Double Blow/Unternehmen Doppelschlag) was a German plan for a sortie in 1942 during the Second World War into the Arctic Ocean by the Kriegsmarine. The operation followed Operation Rösselsprung, against Convoy PQ 17 in July 1942 to attack convoy PQ 18 the next Arctic convoy of the Western Allies.
| Operation Doppelschlag | |
|---|---|
 Admiral Scheer, photographed in early 1942 | |
| Type | Sortie |
| Location | |
| Planned | 1942 |
| Planned by | Kriegsmarine |
| Commanded by | |
| Target | Convoy PQ 18 |
| Outcome | Cancelled |
Background
editFollowing the victory over Convoy PQ 17, the Kriegsmarine was keen to repeat the blow to assist German military operations. A plan was made to bring a strong force of capital ships and destroyers against the next supply convoy to destroy it. The commanders of the surface forces were disappointed they had been unable to take a more active part in the attack on Convoy PQ 17 and were determined to do better. The Allies wished to avoid running another convoy in the continuous daylight of the Arctic summer and deferred passage of Convoy PQ 18 until later in the year. The German forces spent over two months at readiness before Convoy PQ 18 sailed in early September 1942.
Plan
edit
At first Doppelschlag resembled Rösselsprung in that the forces involved would wait in readiness at their bases until a convoy was detected, whilst a patrol line of U-boats (Wolfpack Ice Palace) was stationed in the Norwegian Sea to give early warning of a convoy. Once the convoy was detected the ships would sail north to Altafjord, to await the order to attack. The extreme sensitivity to the possibility of losing a capital ship in an engagement with the Allied fleet meant that only Hitler could give permission for the second stage, the sortie into the Barents Sea. Once out the ships would divide into two battle groups, to attack the convoy from different sides.[1]
It was envisaged that the first group would engage and draw off any heavy units with the convoy, while the second would attack the merchant ships without serious opposition. It was this intended double blow that inspired the operational name. The forces intended to take part in the operation were the Admiral Scheer, Admiral Hipper, Köln and six destroyers. Other German capital ships based in Norway, Tirpitz and Lützow were not available for the operation as both had been under repair since the end of Rosselsprung.[1]
Operation
editPQ 18 sailed from Iceland on 7 September 1942. It was sighted on 8 September by a long-range aircraft and again on 10 September by an Ice Palace U-boat. On 10 September, the ships of operation Doppelschlag left harbour at Narvik to move north to Altenfjord. In this they were sighted by patrolling British submarines and Tigris mounted an abortive attack.[2] The ships arrived at Altenfjord early the following day. From this point the Doppelschlag commanders, Vice-Admiral Oskar Kummetz in Scheer, and Vice Admiral Otto Ciliax ashore, pressed for permission to sortie but Hitler's insistence that no damage should befall the ships so restricted their freedom of action that Admiral Erich Raeder, the Navy's supreme commander, cancelled the operation.[3][4][5] Thus the attack on PQ 18 was left to the Luftwaffe and the U-boat arm.
Aftermath
editThe German surface fleet had little effect on the passage of Convoy PQ 18, though the potential threat it posed had forced the commitment of many Allied vessels as escort. The next opportunity for an attack by German surface ships came in December, when Unternehmen Regenbogen (Operation Rainbow), following a similar plan to Doppelschlag, was mounted against Convoy JW 51B, leading to the Battle of the Barents Sea.[6]
Footnotes
edit- ^ a b Smith 1975, p. 126; Schofield 1964, p. 114; Kemp 1993, p. 102.
- ^ Kemp 1993, pp. 102–103.
- ^ Smith 1975, pp. 126–128.
- ^ Schofield 1964, p. 118.
- ^ Kemp 1993, p. 110.
- ^ Smith 1975, p. 128.
Bibliography
edit- Kemp, Paul (1993). Convoy! Drama in Arctic Waters. London: Arms and Armour Press. ISBN 978-1-85409-130-7.
- Schofield, Bernard (1964). The Russian Convoys. London: BT Batsford. OCLC 862623.
- Smith, Peter (1975). Arctic Victory: The Story of Convoy PQ 18. London: William Kimber. ISBN 0-7183-0074-2.
Further reading
edit- Blair, Clay (1996). Hitler's U-Boat War: The Hunters, 1939–1942. Vol. I. New York: Random House. ISBN 978-0-394-58839-1.
- Rohwer, Jürgen; Hümmelchen, Gerhard (2005). Chronology of the War at Sea 1939–1945: The Naval History of World War Two (3rd rev. ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-59114-119-2.