Operation Vermin (Aktion Ungeziefer) and Operation Consolidation (Betriebskonsolidierung, its Stasi codename), also called Operation Cornflower (Aktion Kornblume) were two large-scale operations by the government of East Germany (the German Democratic Republic, GDR) meant to remove "politically unreliable" people from the exclusion zone along the Inner German border.[1] The first operation was executed in June 1952 as “Operation Vermin”, the second one in October 1961 as “Operation Consolidation” and “Operation Cornflower”.
Operation Vermin
edit“Operation Vermin” was a forced resettlement operation planned by the Thuringian section of the GDR Ministry of State Security (Stasi) and carried out by the national police force (Volkspolizei). During this operation, between May and June 1952, citizens the government described as “smugglers, money launderers and reactionaries“ and their families were forcibly resettled from the Inner German border to the country’s interior. Reason and background for this action was the “resolution concerning measures along the demarcation line between the German Democratic Republic and the Western occupation zones of Germany” passed by the Council of Ministers on May 26, 1952 and published in issue 65 of the Federal Law Gazette on May 27, 1952.[2] Officially, the goal was the consolidation of the Inner German border.[3] The man in charge was Secretary of State and former Prime Minister of Thuringia, Werner Eggerath.
Willy Gebhardt, Interior Minister and acting Prime Minister of Thuringia, supervised the execution of this operation in Thuringia. His handwritten note to Otto Funke, second chairman of the SED in Thuringia, about the number of people to be forcibly resettled into the East German interior in the course of the operation is often cited as a prime example of the inhuman or dehumanizing views of the GDR government.[4] The note read “Otto, Gen. König just gave me these numbers. This would be the result of the Commission work to exterminate the vermin.” (Otto, General König, hat mir gerade diese Zahlen gegeben. Dies wäre das Ergebnis der Arbeit der Kommission zur Ausrottung des Ungeziefers.) According to another account, the first wave of resettlements only received its legendary name “Operation Vermin” (Aktion Ungeziefer) as a result of the aforementioned note, written on the final report of the resettlement operation in Thuringia for the authorities in Berlin.[5][6]
Operation Consolidation/Cornflower
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A similar operation carried out in October 1961 was given different names by the operational commands in different districts. It was called “Operation Cornflower” (Aktion Kornblume) in Erfurt, “Operation New Life” (Aktion Neues Leben) in Magdeburg, “Operation Little Flower” (Aktion Blümchen) in Suhl, “Operation Fresh Air” (Aktion Frische Luft) in Karl-Marx-Stadt, “Operation Border” (Aktion Grenze) in Gera, and “Operation East” (Aktion Osten) in Rostock and Schwerin.[7]
Execution
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The assessment of “political unreliability” was often arbitrary, sometimes due to denunciations by neighbors. Because of this, the forced resettlement operations not only affected citizens with contacts in the West, churchgoers, former members of the NSDAP and its organizations, but also farmers who failed to meet their quotas and people who made any kind of negative comment about the state. Occasionally, whole villages protested against the measures. In these cases, the operations could only be carried out with the use of reinforcements and were delayed by several days. According to victim accounts, people and their belongings were loaded into freight trains and transported away without knowing their destination. Upon arrival, they were assigned new houses or apartments which were often not as valuable as the homes they were forced to leave behind. The neighbors at their new homes were told that the new arrivals were criminals, which meant that it was initially impossible for them to lead a normal social life.[8][9] On the other side, the victims were told that the resettlement was a necessary measure to ensure peace. These lies were used to hide the political reasons behind the operations.
Six suicides are attested in connection to the forced resettlements.[10]
Operation Vermin was undertaken to consolidate the GDR border regime after the Federal Republic of Germany and the Western Allies (France, United Kingdom, United States) signed the General Treaty (Generalvertrag).[11] Operation Cornflower was a result of the travel restriction order passed on August 24, 1961.
Historical reception
editHistorians assume that between 11,000 and 12,000 people were resettled during the operations and that about 3,000 more avoided forced resettlement by fleeing from the GDR.[12][13] Two especially famous cases were the flights of 34 people from Billmuthausen in June 1952 and 53 people from Böseckendorf in October 1961, both of which are places in Thuringia. The media repeatedly bemoaned the lack of reparations to those displaced during the operations.[14][15][16]
References
edit- ^ Heiner Emde: Vergessene Opfer an der Grenze. In: Focus Online, 22 February 1993
- ^ ISSN 0232-5993, DNB-IDN 010697810, OCLC 231207495.
- ^ Susanne von Schenck: Aktion „Kornblume“ – Zwangsaussiedlungen an der innerdeutschen Grenze. (MP3; 3,4 MB) Broadcast on October 1, 2011 in the program Ortszeit on Deutschlandradio Kultur.
- ^ Thüringer Institut für Lehrerfortbildung, Lehrplanentwicklung und Medien (ThILLM): Der totgeschwiegene Terror. Zwangsaussiedlung in der DDR. (PDF; 28 MB) 2nd Edition; Bad Berka, April 2006; S. 18 + 58; ISBN 3-934761-50-X.
- ^ Axel Reitel: Nachtzensur, DDR und Osteuropa zwischen Revolte und Reaktorkatastrophe, S. 90 https://www.verlag-koester.de/index.php?id=114&tx_fbmagento%5bshop%5d%5broute%5d=catalog&tx_fbmagento%5bshop%5d%5bcontroller%5d=product&tx_fbmagento%5bshop%5d%5baction%5d=view&tx_fbmagento%5bshop%5d%5bid%5d=1161&tx_fbmagento%5bshop%5d%5bs%5d=nachtzensur-ddr-und-osteuropa-zwischen-revolte-und-reaktorkatastrophe
- ^ Bernd Wagner: „Zur Beseitigung des Ungeziefers“, Der Landesbeauftragte des Freistaates Thüringen, 1992, S. 24.
- ^ Thüringer Institut für Lehrerfortbildung, Lehrplanentwicklung und Medien (ThILLM): Der totgeschwiegene Terror. Zwangsaussiedlung in der DDR. (PDF; 28 MB) 2nd Edition; Bad Berka, April 2006; S. 18 + 58; ISBN 3-934761-50-X.
- ^ Susanne von Schenck: Aktion „Kornblume“ – Zwangsaussiedlungen an der innerdeutschen Grenze. (MP3; 3,4 MB) Broadcast on October 1, 2011 in the program Ortszeit on Deutschlandradio Kultur.
- ^ WDR Stichtag: [1] Broadcast Oktober 3, 2011 in the program "Stichtag".
- ^ "Studie: Dem DDR-Grenzregime fielen an der innerdeutschen Grenze insgesamt 327 Männer, Frauen und Kinder aus Ost und West zum Opfer". 7 June 2017.
- ^ Yvonne Doms: „Aktion Ungeziefer“: „Der Mensch ist nichts – Befehl ist alles“. Die Zwangsaussiedlungen 1952 in der DDR unter Berücksichtigung der Berichterstattung in der west- und ostdeutschen Presse sowie der lokalgeschichtliche Blick auf die Ereignisse im südthüringischen Raum University of Bamberg 2014, S. 7 ff.
- ^ Dietmar Schultke: Keiner kommt durch. Die Geschichte der innerdeutschen Grenze 1945–1990. Aufbau Verlag, Berlin 1999, S. 31–45, ISBN 3-7466-8041-7.
- ^ Volker Koop: Den Gegner vernichten: Die Grenzsicherung der DDR. Bouvier, Bonn 1996, ISBN 3-416-02633-0.
- ^ Jürgen Aretz, Wolfgang Clement: Die DDR nannte sie „Schädlinge“, in: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, February 1, 2018 online
- ^ Sebastian Haak: »Aktion Ungeziefer« - ohne Entschädigung? - Ministerpräsident Ramelow will zu Gerechtigkeit beitragen, Opfer der DDR-Grenzvertreibungspolitik sind skeptisch, in: Neues Deutschland, February 1, 2016 online
- ^ Michael Cramer: Die "Aktion Ungeziefer" der SED, in: Die Welt, 26. Mai 2012 online