The Orawa dialect (Polish: gwara orawska) belongs to the Lesser Poland dialect group and is located in part of Poland and Slovakia. It is in part one of the dialects that belongs to the Goral ethnolect. It borders the Żywiec dialect to the far northwest, the Babia Góra dialect to the north, and the Podhale dialect to the east.[1] The Orawa dialect is partially Poland with 14 settlements, and partially in Slovakia with 11. The use of dialect here is strong, and the effects of Standard Polish are weaker than in other regions.[2]
| Orawa dialect | |
|---|---|
| Native to | Poland |
| Region | Orawa |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
Phonology
editTypical of Lesser Polish dialects (as well as Greater Polish dialects), voicing of word-final consonants before vowels and liquids is present here. Also typical of Lesser Polish dialects is the presence of mazuration. Initial accent is common here.[2]
Vowels
editAblaut is often levelled: mietła (miotła).
Slanted vowels
editSlanted vowels are generally retained: tráwa (trawa), wóz (in Stan. Pol. pronounced as wuz, here as wóz), and é has merged with y after both hard and soft consonants: śniyg (śnieg).
Nasal vowels
editNasals decompose from é > yN and ą > oN medially before non-sibilants, but retain nasality before sibilants. Verbs ending in -ąć end in -yn-, -on in the past tense: wzion (wziął), wziyna (wzięła). -ę word-finally changes to -ym in the first-person present/future of verbs: słysym (słyszę), as -e in the feminine accusative singular of nouns ending in historic jasne -a studnie (studnię); however feminine nouns ending in historic -á take -á/-o in the accusative singular: na msá (na mszę), where -á is a facultative variant. Final -ą is realized as -o (or optionally as -á) in the third person plural present/future forms of verbs: widzo (widzą), włozá (wożą) and in the accusative singular of feminine adjectives, numerals, and pronouns: staro babe (starą babę), na drugá dziedzine (na drugą dziedzinę (wieś), but as -om in the instrumental singular of feminine nouns, adjectives, numerals, and pronouns z mojom drugom babom (z moją drugą babą) as the result of morphologization.
Prothesis
edito is very often labialized to ô, not only initially or after velars and labials, but after other consonants as well. In the Slovakian area prothetic w (/v/) is common instead of /w/. Less commonly prothetic j, or even more rarely h, may also occur before initial a.
Consonants
editFinal -ch shifts to -k in the locative plural of nouns: w ôbłok (<oboch) kóńcak w obu końcach, the genitive/locative plural of adjectives, numerals, and pronouns: staryk ludzi (starych ludzi); the first person past (aorist) singular: byłek (byłem), pytałak (pytałam), the hortative particle niek (niech), and initially in certain words in clusters: krzest (chrzest). This does not typically occur in stems, where ch is either more weakly pronounced or lost: na wiyr przichodziyło) (na wierzch przychodzi), daᶜʰ (but: dachu), me (mech). -ść/-źć, -rzć usually reduce to -ś: niyś (nieść) sierz (genitive sierzci) (sierść). Dark ł can be heard here, and soft l’ is retained before not only i: l’as (las). ił, il shifts to ył, yl heterosyllabically: rłobiyli (robili) and to ół, ól tautosyllabically: strzelół.. Similarly, raised rz can also be heard here amongst the older speakers: drżewo (normally d-żewo). i after rz is retained here: trżi grżiby (trzy grzyby). Bilabial w is retained amongst the older speakers.
Inflection
editTypical Goral inflectional tendencies are found here.
Nouns
editSoft feminine nouns retain -e in the genitive singular: dło smyreka cy do jedle (do smreka czy do jodły).
Adjectives and adverbs
editNumerals often use -ik, -uk insteach of -u in declensions: do piyncik roków, po śterdzierdziestuk rłokak.
Verbs
editVerbs containing -á- create the passive participle with -t-: siáty (siany).
Syntax
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