The Orkney Fortress Royal Engineers was a small and short-lived unit of Britain's Territorial Army raised just before World War II to assist in the defence of the Royal Navy base at Scapa Flow in the Orkney Islands.
| Orkney Fortress Royal Engineers | |
|---|---|
.jpg) RE Cap badge (King George VI cipher) | |
| Active | 1938–1941 |
| Country |  United Kingdom |
| Branch |  Territorial Force |
| Role | Fortress engineers |
| Part of | Orkney & Shetland Defences |
| Garrison/HQ | Kirkwall |
| Commanders | |
| Notable commanders | Captain Eric Linklater |
Origin
editWhile there had been temporary volunteer units in Orkney during the Napoleonic Wars, the popularity of the Volunteer movement in 1859 led to the creation of the 1st Orkney Artillery Volunteers) as a permanent part of the auxiliary forces of the Crown, eventually becoming a coast defence (CD) unit of the Royal Garrison Artillery. However, this unit was disbanded during World War I, the defence of the Grand Fleet's base at Scapa Flow being entrusted to units of the Regular Army. After the war it proved difficult to reform the unit, and there were no Orcadians in the Territorial Army (TA).[1][2]
The worsening international situation in the late 1930s led to the expansion of the TA, including a revival in Orkney. First, a new anti-aircraft (AA) unit, the 226th (Caithness and Orkney) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Battery, Royal Artillery (RA), began recruiting in Orkney as well as in Caithness (on the Scottish mainland) in 1937. Then the coastal artillery unit was revived as the Orkney Heavy Regiment, RA, in 1938.[2][3] This was followed by a unit of the Royal Engineers (RE) to support the two artillery units: the Orkney Fortress Royal Engineers.[3][4]
The local novelist Eric Linklater, who had served in the trenches during World War I, was asked by the Lord Lieutenant of Orkney and Shetland to raise one of these units, and chose the 'Sappers'. He was commissioned as Captain and second-in-command on 16 September 1938, with Major J. Gibson as officer commanding. The unit consisted of a single company with its headquarters at Kirkwall. Its main role was to operate the electrical generators for the Scapa Flow defences and to man the searchlights (S/Ls) for both the AA and CD guns.[3][5][6]
Mobilisation
editOn 22 August 1939 mobilisation warning orders arrived in Kirkwall and Linklater called out his 'Key Party'. The following day full mobilisation of the TA's AA and CD units was ordered, and the Key Party quickly called in the men from isolated farms and villages to transport them to their war stations on Flotta and at Stromness. Mobilisation was completed by 00.30 on 25 August, 8 hours after receipt of the final order. When war was declared on 3 September, Scapa Flow was defended by a few hundred local Territorials.[7][8]
Service
edit
The AA guns were in action soon after the outbreak of war when the Luftwaffe attacked the warships in the anchorage in daylight on 17 October 1939, when HMS Iron Duke was damaged, and at dusk on 16 March 1940, when the sappers' S/Ls and Lewis guns were of little use. The Fortress Engineers were also expected to defend their positions with Lewis guns and rifles in case of seaborne attack, fears of which grew after the German invasion of Norway.[9][10][11]
Over succeeding months large numbers of AA gun and S/L units were moved into the islands under the Orkney and Shetland Defences (OSDEF), controlled by Anti-Aircraft Command. The fortress engineers were engaged during the winter of 1939/40 with constructing emplacements of corrugated iron and sandbags for 13–14 extra pairs of S/Ls across the islands, with hardstandings for the associated generators and huts for the crews. Later they built camps for the reinforcements, which included two full AA S/L battalions from the Lancashire TA (38th (King's Regiment) and 39th (Lancashire Fusiliers).)[12][13][14][15]
Disbandment
editIn 1940 AA searchlights became an artillery responsibility, and many of the Orkney men transferred from the RE to the RA. The Orkney Fortress RE was deleted from the order of battle of OSDEF in November 1941. However, an Orkney & Shetland Maintenance Company, RE, continued to serve in the islands.[3][15][16][17]
As a well-known author, Linklater was soon employed by the War Office Public Relations department to write official 'instant histories' of the war, such as The Northern Garrisons (1941) which described the life of British troops stationed in remote locations, including Orkney.[13][18]
Successor unit
edit10 (Orkney) Troop, RE, was formed after 2008. Currently based at the Army Reserve Centre in Kirkwall it forms part of 71 Engineer Regiment, RE, originally assigned to 236 Field Squadron (Air Support) it was placed under 124 (Lowland) Field Squadron in 2014.[19][20]
Notes
edit- ^ Rollo, pp. 7–15, 26–7.
- ^ a b Litchfield, p. 301.
- ^ a b c d Rollo, pp. 27–8.
- ^ Watson & Rinaldi, pp. 105, 186.
- ^ Linklater, Tin Hat, pp. 161–2.
- ^ Monthly Army List, May 1939.
- ^ Linklater, Man on my Back, pp. 339–41.
- ^ Linklater, Tin Hat, pp. 163–5.
- ^ Collier, Chapter V.
- ^ Linklater, Tin Hat, pp. 167–74.
- ^ Routledge, pp. 374–5.
- ^ Linklater, Tin Hat, pp. 170–2, 179.
- ^ a b Linklater, Northern Garrisons.
- ^ Routledge, p. 401, Table LXV, p. 397.
- ^ a b Organization of the Field Force in the United Kingdom and Order of Battle, Part 12, Orkney and Shetland Defences, 3 March 1941, with amendments, The National Archives (TNA), Kew, file WO 212/115.
- ^ Linklater, Tin Hat, p. 181.
- ^ Litchfield, p. 5.
- ^ Linklater, Tin Hat, p. 185.
- ^ "Scottish Units at British Army site". Archived from the original on 2019-08-02. Retrieved 2019-08-02.
- ^ Watson & Rinaldi, p. 314.
References
edit- Basil Collier, History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series: The Defence of the United Kingdom, London: HM Stationery Office, 1957.
- Eric Linklater, The Man on my Back: An Autobiography, London: Macmillan, 1941.
- Eric Linklater, The Northern Garrisons: The Army at War, London, 1941; (e-book: London: Bloomsbury Reader, 2014).
- Eric Linklater, Fanfare for a Tin Hat: A Third Essay in Autobiography, London: Macmillan, 1970.
- Norman E.H. Litchfield, The Territorial Artillery 1908–1988 (Their Lineage, Uniforms and Badges), Nottingham: Sherwood Press, 1992, ISBN 0-9508205-2-0.
- D. Rollo The History of the Orkney and Shetland Volunteers and Territorials 1793–1958, Lerwick: Shetland Times, 1958.
- Brig N.W. Routledge, History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery: Anti-Aircraft Artillery 1914–55, London: Royal Artillery Institution/Brassey's, 1994, ISBN 1-85753-099-3
- Graham E. Watson & Richard A. Rinaldi, The Corps of Royal Engineers: Organization and Units 1889–2018, Tiger Lily Books, 2018, ISBN 978-171790180-4.