Orla E. Watson (June 3, 1896 – January 17, 1983) was an American inventor, engineer, and draftsman. He is most remembered for his invention of the rear swinging door feature on grocery shopping carts allowing the cart to telescope, or "nest" in order to save space.[1]
Orla Watson | |
|---|---|
| Born | June 3, 1896 |
| Died | January 17, 1983 (aged 86) |
| Nationality | United States of America |
| Alma mater | Nevada business College |
| Occupation(s) | Inventor, Businessman |
| Known for | Inventor of Shopping Cart |
| Spouse | Edith Watson |
History
editOrla E. Watson was born in 1896, and after attending Nevada Business College for one year, he worked as a stock clerk in a hardware store in Kansas City, then joined the Army. He then had a number of jobs including machinist, draftsman, and foreman. Watson experimented with his various ideas on the side, including the development of a Model T timer to replace the stock electrical device on Model T automobiles. In 1933, he opened a business making air conditioners.[2]
In 1944, he had also applied for and was granted four patents for mechanical valves, pumps, and gauges in order to develop a pump though none of which were ever licensed or manufactured.
In 1946, 50-year-old Orla E. Watson left his job as draftsman at the Crafting and Processing Engineering Company in Kansas City. Watson opened Western Machine Co., a machine shop and contract manufacturing business. Watson made a prototype of his new cart with a hinge and a swinging gate in order to allow the lateral interlocking of carts when not in use and presented it to 10 grocery store owners in the Kansas City area. One of the local grocery store owner was Fred E. Taylor. George O'Donnell, a salesman from Oak Park, Illinois would also join the company. In 1947, Telescope Carts Inc. was founded by Watson, Fred Taylor, and George O'Donnell. Watson's Western Machine Company made examples of this invention, and the first ones were manufactured and put to use in Floyd Day's Super Market in 1947. The company had difficulty with the manufacture and sale of the carts, as authorized suppliers were not making carts of the quality expected. Other manufacturers saw an opportunity, and soon telescoped carts were being made and sold by unlicensed parties despite Watson's pending patent.[3][4][5]
Watson also developed the power lift shopping cart which raised the lower basket of the two-basket design which made retrieval of items easier while at the checkout counter. In 1947, Watson produced and sold few power lifts. He later discontinued his efforts on the invention. The patent application was abandoned and never granted.[6]
Watson applied for a patent on his shopping cart invention in 1946, but Sylvan Goldman filed a similar patent and contested. In 1949, Goldman gave up his rights to the patent. Orla Watson was granted a patent #2,479,530 on August 16, 1949 for the "Telescope Cart" which could be "nested" together in order to save space without disassembly after each use. In exchange, Goldman received licensing rights to produce and sell carts with Watson receiving royalties for each cart produced.[7][8][9]
In 1950 a legal battle broke out between Telescoping Carts and United Steel, which was to last for three years. Watson’s archives contain very little on the early stages of this dispute. Telescope Carts sued United Steel for patent infringement and the latter company defended itself on the grounds that the patent was invalid. In 1951 Goldman challenged the amount of royalties that he had to pay Telescope Carts, on the grounds that many manufacturers were infringing the patent.[10][11]
The royalties Watson received for each cart manufactured led to his 1954 claim against the Internal Revenue Service, for refund of taxes paid on the profits of his invention, as a Congressional bill changed the status of invention-derived income from ordinary income to capital gains, thereby lowering the taxes owed.
Orla E. Watson died January 17, 1983.[12]
References
edit- ^ Cashman, Ryan (2023-01-12). "The High-Tech 1940s Grocery Cart Innovation That Never Took Off". Tasting Table. Archived from the original on 2023-03-31. Retrieved 2023-12-31.
- ^ Jeanne Sklar. "Technology, Invention, and Innovation collections". Amhistory.si.edu. Archived from the original on 2018-10-12. Retrieved 2013-04-08.
- ^ "CSI Working Papers Series : No. 006 : 2006" (PDF). Csi.ensmp.fr. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-12-08. Retrieved 2013-10-13.
- ^ "The History of the American Shopping Cart". The Takeout. 2023-01-10. Archived from the original on 2023-02-05. Retrieved 2023-12-31.
- ^ Meyersohn, Nathaniel (2022-05-14). "Why people hated shopping carts when they first came out | CNN Business". CNN. Archived from the original on 2023-07-18. Retrieved 2023-12-31.
- ^ "The History of the American Shopping Cart". Yahoo Life. 2023-01-10. Archived from the original on 2023-01-30. Retrieved 2023-12-31.
- ^ "Reinventing the Shopping Cart - Carts and Parts". 2022-02-24. Archived from the original on 2023-03-31. Retrieved 2023-12-31.
- ^ US2479530A, Watson, Oria E., "Store basket and carriage", issued 1949-08-16 Archived 2022-06-17 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Sjoden, Kerstin. "June 4, 1937: Humpty Dumpty and the Shopping Cart". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Archived from the original on 2023-02-06. Retrieved 2023-12-31.
- ^ Grandclément, Catherine. "Wheeling food products around the store... and away: the invention of the shopping cart, 1936-1953".
- ^ "Watson v. Heil, 192 F.2d 982 | Casetext Search + Citator". casetext.com. Retrieved 2023-12-31.
- ^ "Telescoping Shopping Cart Collection | Collection: NMAH.AC.0739". sova.si.edu. Archived from the original on 2023-09-25. Retrieved 2023-12-31.