Oryza punctata is an annual grass in the rice genus Oryza, also known as red rice, related to cultivated rice O. sativa. O. punctata forms clumps or tussocks from 50–120 cm tall.[2] It is a native to tropical Africa and Madagascar but is also found in Thailand and other parts of Indochina.[3] O. punctata is a weed species in commercial rice growing operations although it appears to be rare in its native range.[4][5] O. punctata has an IUCN status of least concern.[6] It is not generally eaten or used as fodder by farmers but there is some evidence that it has been used as such during periods of famine.[7] Due to the importance of the crop varieties of rice (Oryza. sativa and O. glaberrima) globally, the evolution of the Oryza genus as a whole has been studied extensively.[8] A lot of information about O. punctata has been elucidated as a secondary benefit to this commercial research. O. punctata evolved some 5 million years ago in the second of two rapid radiation events that occurred in the Oryza L. genus.[9]
| Oryza punctata | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Monocots |
| Clade: | Commelinids |
| Order: | Poales |
| Family: | Poaceae |
| Genus: | Oryza |
| Species: | O. punctata
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| Binomial name | |
| Oryza punctata | |
| Synonyms[1] | |
| |
Description
editOryza punctata is a caespitose (tussock forming) annual hydrophyte (grows in/on water).[3][10] The culm base of O. punctata is spongy and greater than 4 mm in diameter. The culm is glabrous (smooth and without hairs) and striate (parallel longitudinal grooves); it is erect or geniculately (bent like a knee) ascending and from 50–120 cm tall with 3–5 nodes.[2][4][11] The leaf sheath is scarious, often spongy, aerenchymous (spongy tissue that forms spaces of air channels), distinctly striate, it can be loose and often slips away from stem, rounded or slightly keeled towards the upper section, auricled at the mouth, smooth and glabrous.[4][10] Leaf lamina are between 15–45 cm and 0.5–2.5 cm in length and width respectively, they are linear or narrowly elliptic, acuminate, broadest in the middle, pale green or rarely glaucous, slightly flaccid, expanded or folded at the midrib, asperulous (slightly rough), has a distinct midrib visible beneath.[2][10] Ligules are mostly greater than 4 mm in length and up to 8 mm; they are soft, rounded, truncate or somewhat acute, whitish and often split along their longitudinal axis when dried; ligules are occasionally lacerate/ glabrous.[4][11][12] Flowering occurs from November to April. Inflorescence panicles branch structure is spreading, 15–35 × 3–17 cm, solitary or occasionally adnate; narrow to widely elliptic or occasionally fan shaped. These panicles are erect or drooping slightly, rachides obtusely angular; glabrous or inconspicuously scaberulous, pedicels 2–5 mm in length.[4] Spikelet length and width are between 4.9–6.5 mm and 1.9–2.6 mm respectively (length is usually 2.5x width).[2] Spikelets are transversely attached to the pedicel, they are asymmetrically elliptic to oblong or broadly oblong viewed laterally, glaucous/ greyish-green.[13] Intermediate forms have been observed where it can be difficult to distinguish between O. punctata and O. eichingeri.[10][12] Glumes are much reduced to a thin whitish rim. Sterile lemmas are about equal in dimensions, 1–1.5 mm in length, glabrous, acute and triangular.[4][12] Fertile lemmas are just shorter than the spikelet; they are semi-elliptic-oblong when viewed laterally, coriaceous; flanks are finely tesselate, shortly but stiffly hispid or rarely glabrous, keel and margins are ciliate, lateral apical protrusions almost always distinct.[4] O. punctata awns are pale yellow, have rigid bristles which are straight or flexuous and commonly exceed 3 cm (2–7.5 cm) in length.[2][10][12] Palea are shorter and thinner than the lemma, apex acute or tapering into a point. Anthers are 1.3–1.5 mm long and oblong shaped with a pale violet colour.[3][12] Botanically, the fruits of rice plants are known as caryopses, which here are 4–4.75 mm × 1.5–1.75 mm in length and width respectively; they are oblong, glabrous and pale brown.[4][10]
Etymology
editThe common name for Oryza punctata Kotschy ex Steud. is Red rice. Oryza is a noun meaning rice in Late Latin (orȳza), it has origins in Ancient Greek (órūza) which lent from an Eastern Iranian language.[14] Punctata means pointed or punctuated in Latin. The former most likely applies to this species. The synonym Oryza Schweinfurthiana Prodoehl. was published in Bot. Arch. (1922) but is not accepted.[13]
Habitat and ecology
editOryza punctata grows in rock-pools, permanent pools near rain forest and swampy soils near streams.[5][10][11] O. punctata is a pest plant in commercial rice cultivation in Eswatini.[3][10] The plant itself is of no use for grazing although there is some recorded use of the species for food in Kenya.[2][15] O. punctata is one of two wild rice species that can be found in Madagascar. It only produces a small number of seeds and so if it is eaten at all, it is usually during a period of desperation such as a famine.[7]
Distribution
editOryza punctata is distributed across tropical Africa and Madagascar as well as Thailand and other parts of Indo-China.[3] In terms of altitude, O. punctata can be found between 33 and 1230m above sea level.[5][6] O. punctata has a large geographic distribution. It is native to Angola, Benin, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Eswatini, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mozambique, Nigeria, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe.[2][15][16]
Taxonomy and systematics
editOryza punctata is one of over 300,000 flowering plant species. O. punctata is in the Poaceae family (Grasses) belonging to a large clade known as the Monocotyledon (Monocots), which consists of 93 families. Monocots are characterised by a single cotyledon, parallel leaf venation and scattered vascular bundles.[17] Earliest evidence of Monocots is based on fossil pollen and dates back to the early Aptian some 117mya as read in.[17] Earliest grass pollen and flower fossils date back to approximately 60-55mya but Poaceae only became dominant over many other plants groups about 24 mya; this is thought to be due to cooling and drying of the environment.[15][18][19] The genus Oryza L. (Rice) diverged from the rest of Poaceae (Grasses) relatively recently, approximately 14 mya.[20] Oryza L. originated in Asia and began to diversify, spreading to Australia, America and Africa in 3, 1 and 4 separate dispersal events respectively.[20] Oryza L. has experienced two rapid radiation periods: the first event happened about 10 mya and the second - more recent - took place 5 mya.[9] These two rapid radiation periods can account for the majority of diversity within the genus, the second of which lead to the emergence of Oryza punctata. Additional research is needed to investigate relationship between these radiation events and geographic dispersal events.[9]
Rice (Oryza L.) has been widely studied in systematics and many other disciplines due to its agricultural importance, making up 19% of the calories consumed worldwide every day.[8][9] A taxonomic description of Oryza punctata has been provided above.[10][12][21] With global populations set to reach 10 billion by 2050, it is essential to improve key crops species such as rice.[22] Systematics can help play a role in identifying wild crop relatives and investigating them for useful genetic adaptations.[23] While O. punctata may itself be a pest species in paddy fields, wild rice species are seen as a valuable source of useful genes which can be carried over into agricultural species. Resistance to brown planthopper (BPH) and Zigzag leafhopper (ZLH) have been seen in O. punctata, which infests commercial rice plants.[24]
Status
editOryza punctata L. is listed as a species of least concern according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). This means the species has been assessed and is not a focus for species conservation.[6] However, O. punctata has been cited as a rare species in some parts of native range such as Uganda,[3] or stated that it had a rare frequency in southern Africa.[5]
References
edit- ^ "The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species". Retrieved 2 February 2015.
- ^ a b c d e f g Ibrahim, K.M. and Kabuye, C.H.S. (1987). An illustrated guide of Kenya Grasses. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
- ^ a b c d e f Fish, L., Mashau, A.C., Moeaha, M.J. and Nembudani, M.T. (2015) Identification guide to southern African grasses, An identification manual with keys, descriptions and distributions. Strelitzia
- ^ a b c d e f g h POWO (2019). "Plants of the World Online. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the Internet; [1] Retrieved 10 October 2019."
- ^ a b c d Phillips, S., Namaganda, M and Lye, K.A. (2003) 115 Ugandan grasses. Makerere Herbarium Handbook series. Makerere University Herbarium (MHU), Department of Botany, Uganda.36, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria.
- ^ a b c Phillips, J. and Yang, L. (2017). Oryza punctata. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e.T21347040A21413370. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T21347040A21413370.en. Downloaded on 10 October 2019.
- ^ a b Vorontsova, M.S., Dransfield, S., Renvoize, S., Besnard, G., McRobb, A., Razanatsoa, J., Prisca, N.O., Rakotoarisoa, S.E., Ralimanana. (2018). Identification guide to the Grasses and Bamboos in Madagascar. Kew Publishing.
- ^ a b Elert, E. (2014) Rice by the numbers: A good grain. Nature. 514(S50-51).
- ^ a b c d Zou, X.H., Zhang, F.M., Zhang, J.G., Zang, L.L., Tang, L., Wang, T. and Ge, S. (2008). Analysis of 142 genes resolves the rapid diversification of the rice genus. Genome, Biology. 9(R49).
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Flora Zambesiaca accessed on 10 October 2019 http://apps.kew.org/efloras/namedetail.do?qry=namelist&flora=fz&taxon=7908&nameid=20229
- ^ a b c Harker, K.W. and Napper, D. (1960) An Illustrated Guide to the Grasses of Uganda.
- ^ a b c d e f Tateoka, T. (1965) A Taxonomic Study of Oryza eichingeri and O. Punctata. Bot. Mag. Tokyo. 78, 156–163.
- ^ a b Botanisches Archiv. Zeitschrift für die gesamte Botanik. Königsberg and Dahlem bei Berlin. https://www.ipni.org/p/1652-2
- ^ Lewis, C.T., and Short, C. (1879). A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press.
- ^ a b c Vaughan, D.A. (1994) The wild relatives of rice: a genetic resource handbook. International Rice Research Institute, Manila, Philippines
- ^ Darbyshire, I., Kordofani, M., Farag, I., Candiga, R. & Pickering, H. (eds.) (2015). The Plants of Sudan and South Sudan: 1-400. Kew publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
- ^ a b Willis, K.J. and McElwain, J.C. (2014). The Evolution of Plants. (2nd Edn). Oxford University Press, UK. 181-183pp.
- ^ Kellogg, E.A. (2000). The grasses: a case study in macroevolution. Annu. Rev. Biosystem. Ecol. 31, 217-238.
- ^ Chapman, G.P, (1996). The Biology of Grasses. Cambridge University Press, UK, 273p.
- ^ a b Tang, L., Zou, X.H., Achoundong, G., Potgeiter, C., Second, G., Zhang, D.Y., Ge, S. (2010). Phylogeny and biogeography of the rice tribe (Oryzeae): Evidence from combined analysis of 20 chloroplast fragments. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 54, 266-277.
- ^ Hutchinson, J., Dalzeil, J.M., Keay R.W.J., Hepper, N. (2014) Flora of West Tropical Africa (2nd edn) Crown Agents for Overseas Publishing and Administrations, Millbank, London, S. W. 1.
- ^ Stein, J.C., Yu, Y., Copetti, D., Zwickl, D.J., Zhang, L., Zhang, C., Chougule, K., Gao, D., Iwata, A., Goicoechea, J.L. and Wei, S., 2018. Genomes of 13 domesticated and wild rice relatives highlight genetic conservation, turnover and innovation across the genus Oryza. Nature genetics, 50(2), p.285.
- ^ Judd, W.S., Cambell, C.S., Kellog, E.A., Stevens, P.F., Donoghue, M.J. (2015). Plant Systematics, A Phylogenetic Approach. (4th Edn). Sinauer: Oxford University Press.
- ^ Jena, K.K. (2010). The species of the genus Oryza and transfer of useful genes from wild species into cultivated rice, O. sativa . Breeding Science: 518-523.