Wikipedia

Oswaldo Castro

Not to be confused with Osvaldo Castro.

Oswaldo José de los Ángeles Castro Intriago (29 July 1902 – 26 June 1992) was an Ecuadorian journalist, teacher, poet, statistician, translator/reviser, and novelist. He was instrumental in founding Chone's first newspaper, the cultural weekly El Iris; in organizing the first census of the city of Quito, Ecuador as president of its technical commission; and in promoting the United Nations' Food and Agriculture Organization as its liaison officer for Southern Latin America. While in retirement in Madrid, Spain, he published La Mula Ciega (1970),[1] a loosely autobiographical novel about two teenagers coming of age in the early 1900s with Chone, Bahía de Caráquez, Quito, Guayaquil, and the Galápagos as backdrops.

Oswaldo Castro
Born(1902-07-29)July 29, 1902
Chone, Ecuador
DiedJune 26, 1992(1992-06-26) (aged 89)
Bethesda, Maryland, USA
Resting placePortoviejo, Ecuador
Pen nameOscar Waldoosty
Occupationpoet, journalist, statistician, translator, novelist
LanguageSpanish, English, Italian

Youth and journalism

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Castro was the son of Carlos María Castro Araus (1873–1945) from Portoviejo, Ecuador; and Olimpia Edeltrudis Intriago Minaya (1881–1963) from Riochico, Ecuador. Both of his parents died in Bahìa de Caráquez, Ecuador. He was born in Chone, Manabí, Ecuador on July 29, 1902.

From 1907 to 1914 Castro attended El Vergel, a private school founded and directed by Raymundo Aveiga Moreira (1876–1959),[2] in Chone, Ecuador. At fourteen, under the tutelage and guidance of his teacher and with several of his schoolmates, most notably Enrique Amadeo Bolaños Moreira (1898–1929), he edited and wrote articles for Chone's first cultural weekly, El Iris. The only newspaper available in Chone at the time was El Horizonte,[3] a weekly published in Portoviejo, the capital of Manabí province. El Iris was launched on April 23, 1916, its few copies painstakingly handwritten for lack of a printing press.[4] Good penmanship was a highly desirable and respected skill at the time and was part of El Vergel's eight-year curriculum along with the more traditional subjects. El Iris' readership consisted of a few families arbitrarily selected by the young publishers. There arose an aura of suspense every week among these families to see if they would be the ones to receive the prized manuscript. Many years later during a visit by cultural historiographer, Horacio Hidrovo Peñaherrera, Columba Coppiano Delgado was able to produce a pristine copy of El Iris destined specifically to her by the young journalists.[5] Items of interest were gathered from the private library of Guadalupe Martínez de Santos, a wealthy Mexican actress and neighbor; from illustrated magazines arriving from Europe which the boys were allowed to read at the post office before their patrons picked them up; and from news-about-town submitted by collaborating young itinerant reporters. Examples of these diverse topics were: the tercentenary of Miguel de Cervantes (most probably written by Bolaños); La Galerna, an account of the gales besetting the Cantabrian Sea (written by Castro),[6] social, literary, humor, and daily life columns, as well as updates on World War I. The students took sides: some for the Triple Alliance, some for the Triple Entente; that is to say, Germanophiles versus Francophiles. After perhaps seven issues and the acquisition of a printing press generously donated by Colonel Juan Crecencio Álvarez Loor, El Iris was taken over by the Centro Social Juventud Chonense.[7][8][9][10] By 1921, it was a well-established popular semanario chonense under the directorship of Ramón Verduga Cornejo.[11] Due to the exodus of many of its writers, El Iris folded in 1935.[10]

 
Chone's first weekly, El Iris, 1916–1935; a copy owned by Columba Coppiano Delgado

Castro's interest in journalism would surface again in Portoviejo when, in 1934, he joined the editorial board of the nascent Diario Manabita, today known as El Diario.[12] Macario Gutiérrez Solórzano wrote, "He was always restless, impulsive, exuberant, and even anarchic."[13] His journalistic output would continue with articles such as La Mística de Pasternak, written for the newspaper's twentieth anniversary edition.[14] He also wrote articles under the anagrammed pseudonym Oscar Waldoosty for Guayaquil's El Universo newspaper.[15]

Romantic poems as well as those appealing for social justice were written for the newspaper El Comercio,[16] in Quito, as well as for Argos and Iniciación, illustrated monthly magazines dedicated mainly to poetry and socio-political critique published in the 1920s, Portoviejo's "golden age" of vibrant poetic activity. Contributions to these magazines came mainly from a group of young Manabitan poets.[17] Castro sent his poems to Portoviejo while he was still a student in Quito. In 1972, Spain's La Tijera Literaria also published his poetry.[18] (See "list of poems".) His technical papers were published in professional magazines and journals, most notably Trimestre Estadístico,[19] Eslabón,[20][21] in Quito; Instituto Iberoamericano de Cooperación Económica in Madrid;[22] Moneda y Crédito also in Madrid;[23] An article in English entitled Two men and a flower about Hernando de Soto and Simon Bolivar could not be found although the Clarion-Ledger of Jackson, Mississippi, wrote of its genesis.[24] One of his last journalistic articles on literature, ¿Crísis de la novela en Ecuador? (published in El Universo), was written in Madrid during his retirement.[25]

High school, higher education, and teaching

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From 1918 to 1924, Castro attended Colegio San Gabriel. All of its students were required to take their examinations in the secular Instituto Nacional Mejía during the years of the discrediting of private or religious institutions in favor of accredited state and secular ones espoused by General Eloy Alfaro.[26] No sooner did he receive his diploma than he was arrested for revolutionary activities, spending three months as a political prisoner in Portoviejo's Cuartel de Infantería [army barracks].[27] Of that incident, fellow Manabitan novelist Othon Castillo,[28] wrote: "Such a spectacle, I couldn't miss... I saw some heavily escorted men marching off to the army barracks... my attention was caught by a youth marching with them. 'He's just a crazy kid... just graduated from school... joined up with the revolutionaries as a telegraph operator. His name is Oswaldo Castro Intriago,' my father told me."[29] From 1928 to 1931 he attended Escuela de Comercio Marco A. Reinoso[30] in Guayaquil, from which he received a certificate in Accounting and Business Administration. During those years he also attended the University of Guayaquil, Faculty of Law and Social Sciences, and from 1936 to 1937, the Faculty of Economics. He received a certificate in Law and Social Sciences, and another in Economics. On August 20, 1939, the student body of the Department of Economics unanimously voted him first President of the nascent University of Guayaquil Association of the School of Economic Sciences.[31] After a hiatus in the workforce, chiefly in teaching, banking, and accounting, he competed and won a scholarship to study in the United States out of a pool of 10,000 according to historiographer, J. Gonzalo Orellana,[32] not an unlikely figure since U. S. veterans had been returning home to the tune of 200,000 a month after the Second World War.[33] Post graduate work abroad included a series of courses relating to bio statistics taken in the School of Public Health, University of Michigan 1945–46; a certificate in Census Statistics from the United States Census Bureau International School, Suitland, Maryland, 1946–47, with special focus on census training and census legislation;[34] a certificate in Economic and Agricultural Statistics from the University of Rome, Italy in conjunction with the University of Nebraska and the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, in Rome in 1956.[35]

Excelling in every subject, he would soon become a teacher himself, first as a laboratory assistant in his school's physics lab, then as a teacher of History of Literature at Colegio Vicente Rocafuerte,[36] of Accounting at Marco A. Reinoso School, both in Guayaquil; of Math, English, and World History at Olmedo High School, in Portoviejo.[37] He also taught economics at Universidad Central de Quito, now the Central University of Ecuador. His next teaching experience found him in the halls of the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, in 1946, assisting in the teaching of vital statistics. "And it just so happened" writes Castillo, "that the day he arrived at the University in Ann Arbor, Michigan, taking his entrance exam, they find that the man knows a lot about the topic and as a stimulus they make him a Teaching Assistant..."[29] His interest and love of statistics and teaching never left him. In early 1947 he was able to procure ten scholarships for Ecuadorians interested in statistics to study abroad;[38] and in retirement he wrote a short textbook, Análisis Estadístico Elemental ("Elementary Statistical Analysis") for non-math majors.[39]

Poetry

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From a generous repertoire, some published, some not, the guiding thread in Castro's poetry were the French symbolist poets; the Russian Revolution; and an almost clinical, scientific look at his poetic material. Méndez Herrera[40] states that Castro, in a fit of pique (not unlike the rashness of his contemporaries, the Generación decapitada poets), burned his early poems.[41] His two unpublished collections of poems, Llamarada [Blaze] and Oro Blanco [White Gold], as well as a short story Una de tantas [One of Many] were probably lost at this time.[42] He was able to recover some of his poetry only years later when a friend from his hometown, "knowing of that death sentence decreed by the author, had learned by heart the pyromaniac poet's verses" and recited them back to him, and they now struck that "ingrate poet with unexpected sweetness."[41] The transition from French poetic symbolism to revolutionary social concern is clearly outlined in the poem Ayer y Hoy [Yesterday and Today] written in 1935 (see below). The year 1932 found him a member of the Guayaquil faction of the ABE (Ala Bolchevique Ecuatoriana),[43] and the following year attending the First Congress of the Ecuadorian Communist Party Central Committee also in Guayaquil,[44] a political adhesion that may have cost him an expulsion,[45] albeit a temporary one,[46] and perhaps even a job.[47]


LA SONRISA DE TUS MANOS

La sonrisa de tus manos de Princesa decadente,
la sonrisa de tus manos de gentil Samaritana
ha besado mis cabellos, las arrugas de mi frente
y mis dos ojos ingenuos que se ríen del Nirvana.

Y en mis dos ojos ingenuos que se ríen del Nirvana
como en un cristal he visto la eclosión de tu candente,
de tu lúbrica mirada cual la de una cruel gitana
o la de Ila que amó a Buda allá en el lejano Oriente.

Y en tus ojos dos luceros de misterios de erotismo,
cual los ojos de Teresa de Jesús, la loca amante
de los rezos solitarios, miré impresa la brillante

y la suave castidad de tu carne de histerismo,
y tu carne de histerismo, con estertores paganos,
me brindó como un presente la sonrisa de tus manos.


[The smile of your hands], Quito, 1923.[48]

While in retirement he revisited the poetry of his youth, such as the poem, "La sonrisa de tus manos" [The smile of your hands], (see blue box) written when he was 21. Almost half a century later, he used the poem almost like a script in the narrative of his novel, and then literally grafted it seamlessly to an untitled poem the novel's young protagonist was writing to his beloved.[49] Clearly Castro's desire to fuse disciplines (poetry and prose) also included the fusion of time. Often poems submitted for publication by the young poets of the Argos generation were set to music. That "golden" period encompassed many arts, and music was a must in many Portoviejo households. Castro was a proficient piano and guitar player as were others in his circle.[50] Of his poems set to music, chiefly by pianist and composer Constantino Mendoza Moreira,[51] only two Aterrizaje [Landing] and Cantando el Recuerdo [Singing the Memory] have been published.[52]

List of poems

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  • Sigo rimando versos (Quito, 1922)
  • Va llegando el hastío (Quito, 1922)
  • Thinking (Quito, 1922)
  • ¡Tarde! (Quito, 1922)
  • Frio... (Quito, 1923)
  • Mi nocturno (Quito, 1923)
  • Figulina de humo (Quito, 1923)
  • La sonrisa de tus manos (Quito, 1923)
  • Miss Chone, Salve: (Chone, 1928)
  • Cantando el recuerdo (Set to music as a Tango by Constantino Mendoza Moreira)
  • Pibe de montaña adentro (Guayaquil, 1935)
  • Ayer y hoy (Guayaquil, 1935)
  • Aterrizaje (Bahìa de Caráquez, 1958 – Set to music as a Pasillo by Constantino Mendoza Moreira)
  • Untitled (Madrid, 1970)
  • Buenos días luna (Madrid, 1972)[53]

The magus of math, the Segura of statistics

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See also: Pancho Segura

Two factors guaranteed Castro's success in making the leap from South to North America: the first was his extensive knowledge and love of mathematics, the second, his dedication and perseverance in acquiring persuasive communication skills and well-spoken English. An anecdote written by former pupil Cicerón Robles Velásquez will show the first. "When a math teacher, who enjoyed a well-deserved reputation, came from Rocafuerte High School in Guayaquil to our Olmedo High School in Portoviejo, I was present at an exchange between the two: Don Oswaldo and him. The Guayaquileian showed off a brilliant knowledge of his subject, and when he revealed the solution to a complicated theorem, Don Oswaldo took a piece of chalk and with two numerical strokes produced the same solution taking a different route from that of the great Rocafuerte School teacher. I remember the spontaneous pat on the back (abrazo) the Guayaquileian gave the Manabitan as a reward for his mathematical feat."[54] Perhaps it was this episode that earned him the moniker "magus of math."[55] In it one can glimpse the influence of Castro's old high-school math teacher, Tomás Rouseau. This insightful man took special interest in students who showed a true love of learning, teaching them material which was above and beyond the curriculum, and surely Castro was among them.[56] It was this dexterity in math and statistics that opened doors for him in his non-teaching career, first in banking[55] and then as Director of Statistics and Census in the Ministry of Economics in Quito in 1944. During this tenure, Castro was sent abroad to acquire knowledge of census techniques. Ecuador had had no previous census experience and was scheduled to participate in the census of the Western Hemisphere planned for 1950.[57] Equipped, then, with a solid knowledge of these fields, it was not long before he was picked not only to teach statistics, as mentioned above, but to lead the University of Michigan's School of Public Health student delegation touring Toledo, Ohio in their field research,[58] and to observe the Herman Hollerith tabulating machines at IBM in Endicott, New York,[59] among other census/statistics related excursions. He quickly garnered the title, the Segura of Statistics.[29] Yet all this would have been impossible without fluent English, no easy feat for a forty-three-year-old with only a theoretical knowledge of the language. After all, he had taught English at Olmedo High School in Portoviejo. The following excerpt from a Mississippi newspaper article shows how Castro was able to pull out of this morass: "Instead of nightschool... Castro went to the movies, every day. He saw musical comedies, gangster pictures, and westerns: he saw the same picture over and over until he could recite whole scenes like a parrot. Now, after ten months in the country, he speaks glibly of things being "swell" or "on the beam," with the faintest of south-of-the-border accent."[60]

The statistician

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A surge of statistical activity arose in Washington, DC beginning in mid-1946, peaking in 1947, and rippling beyond; and Castro was in the thick of it. The meetings, roundtables, and conferences that convened began dealing with the confluence of statistical methods, not only as applied to population and housing, but now also to incorporate the production of food and other land resources in order to reap the most from the forthcoming 1950 Census of the Americas.[61] All this in view of rebuilding and ameliorating the sorry state of post-war economies. The idea was to put into practice Nobel Peace Prize recipient (and first Director General of FAO), John Boyd Orr's vision for alleviating world hunger through cooperation and harmony rather than dominance and conflict.[62] Slowly but steadily, massive postwar geopolitical plates were moving. On March 15, 1946 Castro completed his studies at the University of Michigan. In a letter dated March 7, 1946 with letterhead: "University of Michigan, School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, Office of the Dean", giving an early release of his grades. Henry F. Vaughan, Dean of Public Health adds "... You did good work with us, especially in your own field of bio statistics. Let me tell you how much pleasure it gave us to have you at the School of Public Health this last year."[non-primary source needed] and quickly left for Washington, D. C. to continue his work with his sponsoring agency, the United States Department of Commerce, Bureau of Census.[63] They sent him south, to North Carolina. "This will introduce Mr. Oswaldo Castro... to observe some of the pre-test in Wilmington, including the training of the enumerators and editing the schedules, in the local office," stated his perfunctory letter of introduction.[64] Wilmington, North Carolina was a "test-tube" city, the first city in the United States where a comprehensive interim census was made, and Castro was its official foreign observer.[65] Then back to Washington to await and study the Wilmington census results. Mid September, Halbert L. Dunn, Chief of the National Office of Vital Statistics, sent him back to the south, this time to observe the registration and tabulation of census data in Jackson, Mississippi,[66] where he remained for over a month. In late October 1946 Castro was among the international demographers from fifteen countries in New York City invited by the Population Association of America. He attended the Association's meeting on October 25 and 26, 1946. On October 29 and 30, he participated in the "Post-war Problems of Migration" roundtable at the annual conference of the Milbank Memorial Fund. Back again in Washington, he attended a conference on census procedures given by the Bureau of Census, Department of Commerce on November 1, and on November 2 a roundtable on world population and nutrition given by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. He filled the double role of delegate representing Ecuador as Director of Statistics and Census, and trainee of the United States Department of Commerce, Census Bureau.[67] Perhaps it was here that the crucial link between his knowledge of statistics and of agricultural needs through his banking experience back home solidified. The standards for population statistics were being developed "under the auspices of the Inter-American Statistical Institute; those for agriculture under the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)."[68] The doors of FAO began to open and soon he would be tapped to be their Liaison Officer for the southern part of Latin America, a post he would easily fill thanks to his communication and integrating skills. It was precisely these skills that enabled him to put to use the census practices he had observed in North Carolina and Mississippi[69] and to bring together census experts he had met up north[70] to work closely with their Ecuadorian counterparts. Hence, the road to the first census of Ecuador's capital, Quito, became quite smooth.

Quito census

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On Thursday, June 26, 1947, Castro in front of a large gathering in the sports field of Quito's Instituto Nacional Mejia, uttered these words, "Enumerators, Patrol Leaders, Segment Leaders, Ladies and Gentlemen, do you swear by God, by the Fatherland, and by your personal honor, to faithfully fulfill the duties entrusted to you?" A resounding "We do!" answered him in unison.[71] The Census of Quito started the very next morning at precisely 6 AM; and then, at exactly 1:46 PM, the blaring of sirens, the clanging of bells, the shrill voices of multiple radio station anchors, pronounced it over. At 8:30 that evening, Castro, on behalf of the Census Junta, released the results.[72] But how could such a monumental task have been accomplished in just under eight hours, while the one he had witnessed in Wilmington, North Carolina had taken over a week?[73] With military precision, the Junta, under the leadership of Miguel Ángel Zambrano, had planned and foreseen every aspect of the census execution.[74] Actuary Peter Thullen, also a Census Technical Commission member, had joined Castro in studying Quito's existing statistical data, taking full advantage of work done in the past by institutions such as Quito's Department of Health.[75] Press and radio cooperated in every way.[76] Participation in the census was cast in a patriotic light.[77] As early as March census experts from the Inter-American Statistical Institute began arriving in Mariscal Sucre airport, and Castro was there to welcome them.[78] Simultaneously teachers at the university, high school, and elementary school level were recruited and instructed in census enumerating techniques and introduced to the art of canvassing, a word new to them.[79] They in turn recruited and trained their students, both university and high school (seniors), as enumerators; while the elementary school teachers imparted to the children the need and importance of censuses in general and of the imminent census of Quito in particular, a message that was absorbed and brought home to parents, grandparents, friends and relatives.[80] Under the Census Propaganda directorship of Gustavo Vallejo Larrea and future novelist, Arturo Montesinos Malo (1913–2009) who had also helped in the training of enumerators, a million flyers containing general census instructions were distributed throughout the city,[81] some in the form of tags attached to popular snacks and soft drinks, many dropped from airplanes.[82] Upper echelons of society had been informed through Castro's well-publicized lectures given in Quito City Hall and in the Ecuadorian–North American Center. They were inspired and perhaps moved to indignation upon hearing his words, "I've been working with the Census Bureau in Washington, D. C. where they have a large map of countries that have implemented population censuses; in there are all countries of the Americas, those who have had censuses cover a white space... to Ecuador corresponds a large black blotch... for which it has been named 'the demographic jungle of the Americas'."[83] Quito's Mayor Jacinto Jijón y Caamaño along with the Municipal Council and other dignitaries had attended these lectures.[84] With the city thus prepared, two thousand one hundred and thirty two enumerators[74] set forth that morning in cars, on foot, and on horseback and were welcomed with (literally) open doors and often with coffee and snacks. Interpreters were on the ready in case of non-Spanish speakers; to wit: English, German, French, Czech, Russian, and, most importantly, Quechua.[76] Census planners had divided Quito into seven segments, each of which comprised 147 zones. An executive order had been procured from President José María Velasco Ibarra.[85] Quito streets were deserted.[86] Only enumerators roamed from house to house, leaving a red notice on doors to indicate that the household had been registered. When they encountered an imminent death or birth scenario, they waited patiently at the door. Nine deaths and twenty births were recorded in Quito in those eight hours. An anecdote tells of an enumerator on horseback who came across a hermit living in a cave in the highest part of the Pampa Chupa area of the city. He quickly whipped out a special census form designed for just such an encounter, and having registered the resident, finding no door on which to peg his red form, nailed it to a near-by tree. From 3 to 7 P M. results were gathered and tabulated by 50 bank adding machines and respective personnel of the Banco Central and other financial institutions: Banco del Pichincha, Banco de Préstamos, Caja de Pensiones, Oficina del Comercio; under the directorship of Carlos Procaccia, Banco Central's Director of Economic Research.[87] There were 211,174 residents in Quito on June 27, 1947.[72][88] Granted, it was just a provisional figure and a trial census, as was the one Castro had studied in Wilmington, North Carolina, but one that was most valuable for the implementation of the general census of Ecuador scheduled for 1950.[89] As Calvert Dedrick, Coordinator of the United States Department of Commerce's International Statistics Bureau of the Census, had said a month earlier on his visit to Ecuador, "I think there is a good atmosphere in this country: one can see a lot of interest and I'm sure the census of Quito will be a valuable trial, a good test; but Ecuadorians must go further; that is, they must do a complete census of their country."[90]

Promoter of FAO in Latin America

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By the end of August 1947 Castro was off again, back to the United States to prepare for the forthcoming International Congress of Statistics and Demography of the United Nations. This recently created international body had requested specifically that governments send technical personnel and not diplomats to fill these posts, a message Castro would later stress in all his visits through South America.[91] From September 6 through 18 he participated in The First General Assembly of the Inter-American Statistical Institute along with fellow Ecuadorian delegate, Luis López Muñoz.[92][93] He was President of the International Statistics Division.[94] Shortly thereafter he became FAO's Liaison Officer for southern South America, joining colleagues, William G. Casseres, Liaison Officer for Central America and the Caribbean, and A. G. Sandoval, Liaison Officer for northern South America, in this continent-encompassing effort.[95] Castro had received ample training for this endeavor not only from his innate communication and speaking skills he had honed in the United States, but also as a spokesperson for the Ecuadorian National Committee of the United Nation's newly formed FAO, directed by Ecuadorian U.N. expert and Human Rights advocate, Arturo Meneses Pallares, early August 1947; and as designated Statistics and Census Representative for said Committee in mid August.[96] A whirlwind tour followed that would take him to ten countries in two and a half months.[97] It started with a week-long collaborative meeting on November 2, 1947, at the Inter-American Institute of Agricultural Sciences in Turrialba, Costa Rica, and then a quick stint through Panama, Colombia, and Ecuador before visiting his target countries in South America:[95] November 20 to December 2, Peru; December 2 to December 11, Bolivia; December 11 to December 23, Chile; January 4, 1948 to January 13, Argentina; January 13 to January 22, Paraguay; January 22 to January 28, Uruguay.[98] He visited various statistical and agricultural institutions in these countries, and delivered clear and concise reasons for his mission. The message was the same, slightly tweaked to meet the circumstances of each country — the history of FAO; praise and vision of its founder; the need for a coordinated effort to address poverty and hunger, ravages of the recent war, through better growth and distribution of food and other resources; the importance of the 1950s Census of the Americas and the World Agricultural Census; the merits of joining FAO, purveyor of technical advice and of information on financial assistance; an announcement of the creation of three regional hubs to be based in Central, Pacific, and Atlantic South America; and an exhortation to attend the conference on forestry in Teresopolis, Brazil in April, and on nutrition in Montevideo, Uruguay in July.[99] He held press conferences in venues arranged for him in advance by likeminded technical functionaries or, when these were not forthcoming, in his hotel lobby, where newspaper reporters, pad in hand, were offered "cocktails," new to their experience,[100] along with his message. Newspapers printed his words in a favorable and newsworthy light, as can be seen in the reference section, although the three-pronged headline in Chile's Las Últimas Noticias might be a bit tongue-in-cheek with whiffs of Hollywood in the air. It begins with eye-catching "FAO, three-letter fairy god-mother, seeks a cure to poverty and hunger," is quickly amended by bigger, bolder letters, "We will help people who suffer from hunger: fishery plan," finally settling into a third sub-headline, "Chile also will cooperate with the world organization in feeding Europe."[101] Castro's promotion of FAO was cast in the light of a crusade against hunger.[102]

On December 19, 1947, he was received by President Gabriel González Videla, former Chilean ambassador to the United Nations.[103] Chile eventually became FAO's regional hub for the Pacific.[104] On February 10, he returned to Washington, reporting on his findings and giving his recommendations. He had prepared the terrain for future interaction between FAO and Latin America. The link between demographic and agricultural censuses and their importance had been made, thus facilitating these two components of 1950's hemispheric census.[105] The two promised conferences were well attended. Perónist Argentina would not form part of the technical organizations of the United Nations at this time, although they sent observers to the Teresopolis and Montevideo conferences.[106] As Statistical Information Officer of FAO's Publications Branch, Castro himself attended the follow-up of the 1948 Montevideo Conference on Nutrition, held in Rio, June 5–13, 1950, joining the delegation headed by nutritionist Wallace R. Aykroyd,[107] Then early in 1951, he boarded the Saturnia and headed to Rome to a behind-the-scenes, behind-the-desk position at FAO's world headquarters.

Translator/reviser of words and memories: the writing of a novel

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Castro moved from visibility to anonymity with ease, for his true love had always been language. From now on his work would lack name recognition and acquire a job number. He translated and revised FAO documents, working papers, and books in the fields of diplomatic correspondence, nutrition, economics, statistics, and forestry in Rome until 1956, and in budgetary matters for the Fifth Commission for the United Nations back in New York until the end of 1962. Then returning once more to Rome he revised papers on economics and statistics for FAO's 1962–1963 budget.[108] His last work was designated as Job D6420/S 7–54545, a 250-page Spanish translation of G. W. Chapman's "A Manual on Establishment Techniques in Man-made Forests" FAO, FO:MISC/73/3, 1973.[109] Residing in Europe in semi-retirement, he began to write his memories of the "corner of the tropics"[110] where he was born in the form of a narrative adumbrating magic realism a full year before the term hit mainstream,[111] and narrowly missing the full impact of the Latin American Boom.[112] Now, vivid in his mind, the colors, sounds, smells, tastes, songs, words, dreams, of his youth splash his narrative with vibrancy. "That multifaceted experience of a town and a people when pulsed by the harmony of inspiration, becomes a veritable score that everyone can hear... and the writer feels empty or frustrated if he has not fulfilled the tacit duty of setting it down ... in a book.... And this is how, it seems to us, La mula ciega, was born...," Spanish writer and translator, José Méndez Herrera, wrote in the prologue to the novel's first edition.[41] He interweaved the fabric of his narration with multiple threads of sayings, proverbs, and aphorisms: seventy six, to be exact, which later Professor Francisco Soldevilla from the University of California extracted for a critical study.[113] Influenced by the English literature of his time, specifically Henry Miller and John Cleland's then recently published Fanny Hill, he introduced a thread of erotica, not often seen in Spanish letters. He tested the waters by reading his material to friend Luis Coloma Silva, who had been Ecuador's Representative to the U. N. in the late '50s.[114] Coloma's response, "How is your project... going? I hope you soon decide to publish, I harbor the certainty of its success, for the new focus on "real reality" is set in pure and nimble language and all this in an environment of exuberant, tropical color. Full speed ahead, then! There's no time to lose!"[115][non-primary source needed] encouraged him to proceed. He published La Mula Ciega in November 1970 in Madrid. To his dismay, whole passages were cut; and even so, Franco's Editorial Management Office of the Ministry of Information and Tourism banned the novel, prohibiting its distribution in Spain and its territories, and any sales transaction in pesetas. A few copies reached Latin America at the author's expense. Spanish editor Alfaguara, with whom arrangements had been made before censorship was unable to distribute. The free-fall from enthusiasm to dismay is reflected in Uruguayan critic H. Alvarez M.'s words: "With this novel filled with passion, fantasy, and color, this Ecuadorian writer residing in Spain is revealed as one of the most outstanding creators of contemporary Ecuador," followed in the very next issue by: "The work presents undeniable esthetic, thematic, and stylistic values and constitutes a courageously defined and valuable account of what we deem to be daily occurrences carefully studied by the author... Perhaps because of these values, because of the crudeness of its language, because of the honesty of its approach, the book in question has just been banned in Spain, victim of another outrage, impossible to understand in this century."[116] Perceiving his work as mutilated, he meticulously glued back the expurgated passages, in a vain attempt to make it whole again.

And yet, reviewers such as Ecuadorian R. A. Carbo Noboa and Mexican Cristina Romero while wholeheartedly agreeing with the censorship could not help but admire the "pure, poetic quality... in describing our scenery, our people, our traditions which could be Ecuadorian or Mexican;"[117] or, in the case of Carbo Noboa, "In what is folkloric and indigenous, I must point out that it is difficult to write something more beautiful."[118] Walter Rubin who saw similarities with Jiménez' Platero in the poetic purity of Castro's narrative deemed the erotic and rustic to have been represented with artistic mastery.[119] Mid 1972, he entered his novel in Caracas' second Rómulo Gallegos Prize competition. A telegram stamped July 27, 1972, from the National Fine Arts and Culture Institute informed him that the jury, composed of Antonia Palacios, José Luis Cano, Domingo Miliani, Emir Rodríguez Monegal and Mario Vargas Llosa, had given the prize to Gabriel García Márquez with his novel One Hundred Years of Solitude. Castro's was among the 30 semi-finalist novels of the 165 submitted that year.[117] "In a strict sense of historical-cultural justice, I think Gabriel García Márquez must have read and learned from Horacio Hidrovo Velásquez in Un hombre y un rio [A Man and a River]; from Oswaldo Castro Intriago in La mula ciega [The Blind Mule]; from Othon Castillo Vélez in Sed en el puerto [Thirst in the Port]; ..." Julio Hernández Luna would say many years later.[111] With the brouhaha of the censorship dying down and retaining the lasting merit of descriptive and poetic expression immortalizing the northern coast of Ecuador at one time, the novel would see four more editions[120] and an English translation.[121] In 2008, recognizing the cultural value of the work, the Ecuadorian Ministry of Culture included the novel among works contributing to the propagation of national identity, allocating funds for its dissemination.[122]

Death and legacy

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Castro died on June 26, 1992, in Bethesda, Maryland. He had a double funeral: one in Bethesda[123] and one in Portoviejo where he was interred. Numerous accolades and commemorations were given to him from his native province;[124] a school named after him,[125] a literary prize,[126] and even a coffee.[127] In 2008, Chone's theater group, "Arte Popular" under the directorship of Roger Bustamante produced a hybrid theater/video work entitled, "Homage to Oswaldo Castro and his blind mule."[128] In November 2015, his novel was revisited by the students of the Universidad Politécnica Salesiana in Cuenca.[129] In February 2021, Chone's Grupo Ariel released a song entitled "La mula ciega," by Hermogenes Williams Rodriguez (lyrics and vocal) and Jósse Cedeño (music and arrangement) thanking Castro for his work and highlighting the novel's characters.[130] Gutiérrez Solórzano best described Castro's life trajectory: "An admirer of Descartes, Oswaldo Castro, like the French philosopher, wanted to be both 'author and actor of everything in this life'."[13]

References

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  1. ^ La Mula Ciega, Oswaldo Castro, First Edition, November 1970; printed by Gráficas Gardal, Boix y Morer, 17, Madrid.
  2. ^ "Biografia de don Raymundo Aveiga Moreira"
  3. ^ S.A, El Diario, Grupo Ediasa (2017-10-31). "Las memorias de un historiador". El Diario Ecuador. Retrieved 2021-01-08.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. ^ Chone Cultural, AFYC Agrupación Fraterna y Cultural, July 21, 1985, Chone, Ecuador, p. 15, among other sources.
  5. ^ Horacio Hidrovo Peñaherrera, Periódico de Puño y Letra, Suplemento "El Mundo" Portoviejo, Ecuador, January 31, 1982.
  6. ^ Horacio Hidrovo Peñaherrera, Rodolfo Pérez Pimentel Vidas ejemplares de Manabí Universidad Laica de Manabí, Talleres de Imprenta y Gráficas "Ramirez," Portoviejo, Manabí, Ecuador, August 1997. Pages 25 and 30.
  7. ^ "Chone: Creciente forja cultural".
  8. ^ "Chone: iris, periodismo percursor (i)" "Chone: iris, periodismo precursor (ii)"
  9. ^ "El Iris: Precursor de la comunicación chonense", page 12. "El Iris Órgano del Centro Social Juventud Chonense-Chone 1917"
  10. ^ a b Dr. Jacinto Alejandro González Vintimilla Historia de Chone 1894–1994 UTM Universidad Técnica de Manabí, July 1994, Pages 19 and 21. A picture of Columba Coppiano's copy of El Iris appears in the back cover of this publication.
  11. ^ Iniciación, Year 1, Number 5, April 1922, page 2
  12. ^ "El Diario Ecuador". www.eldiario.ec. Retrieved Jan 8, 2021.
  13. ^ a b Macario Gutiérrez Solórzano, "Un capítulo de interés periodístico que hace época en anales manabitas. Quienes hacían Diario Manabita en Portoviejo en 1.934." El Diario Manabita, March 13, 1959.
  14. ^ Oswaldo Castro, "La Mística de Pasternak, Especial para Diario Manabita en el vigésimo aniversario de su fundación." Diario Manabita, Portoviejo, March 13, 1959.
  15. ^ Oscar Waldoosty, "Panoramas de Europa DICKENS EN MADRID." El Universo, Guayaquil, June 2, 1952; Oscar Waldoosty, "Matita Molina: ritmo ecuatoriano en los tablados de Madrid." Instantáneas de Europa por Oscar Waldoosty, Madrid, August 1971, El Universo, Guayaquil; Oscar Waldoosty, "Marcos Uscocovich: un hombre símbolo." Instantáneas de Washington, El Universo, Guayaquil, August 7, 1977.
  16. ^ "El Comercio - Noticias del Ecuador y del mundo". www.elcomercio.com. Retrieved Jan 8, 2021.
  17. ^ Mariana Petroni Andrade, Segunda edición en homenaje al primer centenario del nacimiento del poeta, novelista, y maestro, Horacio Hidrovo Velásquez, Casa de la Cultura Ecuatoriana, Portoviejo, Manabí, Ecuador, 2002, pp. 28–34; and Jaime Alcívar Intriago, ReHuSo: Revista de Ciencias Humanísticas y Sociales, Year 2019, Vol. 4, No. 1. p. 33, among other sources.
  18. ^ La Tijera Literaria, Enciclopedia historico-antológica de las más famosas obras en lengua castellana, Fascículo 82, p.2595, published by Siglo Ilustrado, Madrid (1972)
  19. ^ "Economia Dirigida," Trimestre Estadístico, Quito, 1944.
  20. ^ Magazine started in Quito for Mejía graduates under the directorship of Olmedo del Pozo, "Órgano de la sociedad graduados del "Mejía." The Pan American Bookshelf, Vol. IV, #7, July 1941, p. 265.
  21. ^ "Abaratamiento de las subsistencias," Revista Eslabòn, Quito, 1945
  22. ^ "Uniformación de la nomenclatura aduanera y de las estadísticas de comercio exterior," working paper, Primer Congreso de Cooperación Económica, Instituto de Cultura Hispànica, published by the Instituto Iberoamericano de Cooperación Económica, Madrid, 1953. His attendance and presentation at the meeting is reported in "Del congreso iberoamericano de cooperación económica", El Diario, Barcelona, June 3, 1953, and in "Trabajo del Dr. Oswaldo Castro será publicado," El Comercio, Quito, Thursday, July 30, 1953
  23. ^ "La dinámica del crédito agropecuario," Revista Moneda y Crédito, Oswaldo Castro, Madrid, December 1956.
  24. ^ Ecuador Envoy Finds Familiar Word Here, Tells of Origin of DeSoto, Bolivar; The Clarion-Ledger November 7, 1946. The two men, Bolivar and DeSoto, the flower, the magnolia. Also noted in Resumen biográfico de don Oswaldo Castro Intriago, el Diario, Portoviejo, Thursday July 2, 1992 – 9B; "Dr. Oswaldo Castro Intriago" Alfredo Vera Vera, El Nuevo Globo, Bahía de Caráquez, July 2, 1992, among other sources.
  25. ^ Oswaldo Castro ¿Crisis de la novela en el Ecuador? p. 6, Los Angeles, Calif. – La Opinión, 8 November 1971; Oswaldo Castro ¿Crísis de la novela en Ecuador? El Universo – Sunday, Nov. 14, 1971.
  26. ^ "Un colegio que cumple 105 años - Revista Mundo Diners". 6 July 2012. Retrieved Jan 8, 2021.
  27. ^ https://www.facebook.com/photo?fbid=10219626220421144&set=gm.3082412995195425 [user-generated source]
  28. ^ "Un siglo de Othón Castillo Vélez". El Universo. Jun 29, 2012. Retrieved Jan 8, 2021.
  29. ^ a b c Othon Castillo Vélez, "La fecunda e interesante vida de Oswaldo Castro Intriago," El Telégrafo, Sunday, January 6, 1946.
  30. ^ "Docentes (Marco A. Reinoso) y estudiantes de la Escuela Mercantil". Fondo Nacional de Fotografía. Retrieved Jan 8, 2021.
  31. ^ His Honorary Diploma stated "The students of the Faculty of Economic Sciences, gathered in a General Assembly on August 20, 1939, to designate their first president, unanimously elected Oswaldo Castro Intriago as their first president. As proof of such an important act in the life of the Institution, they decided to grant him the present Diploma of Honor." This honor is mentioned in: "Hizo Declaraciones a LA RAZÓN el Dr. Castro, Coordinador de las N. Unidas" La Razón – Saturday, January 17, 1948, Asunción, Bolivia. El Comercio November 20, 1947 Lima, Peru, states that he is founder of this Organization.
  32. ^ J. Gonzalo Orellana, Resumen histórico del Ecuador. Segundo Tomo. Editorial "Fr. Jodoco Ricke" Quito, Ecuador 1948, p. 318; see also p. 310.
  33. ^ "200,000 soldiers return home each month". The Tampa Times. 11 Oct 1945. p. 1. Retrieved Jan 8, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  34. ^ Inter American Statistical Institute pamphlet, 'Latin Americans Receiving Some Statistical Training in the United States' from about 1942 to November 10, 1959, Pan American Union, General Secretariat, Organization of American States, Washington, D.C. – 1959, p. 15.
  35. ^ He completed a four-month International Seminar on Agricultural Statistics sponsored by said entities, where he presented the paper "Sampling in Agricultural Credit. Short term loans in the Province of Manabì, Ecuador." The same paper was delivered at the University of Manabí on July 18, 1956 in "Dr. Oswaldo Castro dará Conferencia en la Universidad de Manabí," Diario Manabita, Portoviejo, 17 July 1956.
  36. ^ "Log into Facebook". Facebook. Retrieved Jan 8, 2021. {{cite web}}: Cite uses generic title (help)
  37. ^ Horacio Hidrovo Peñaherrera, Rodolfo Pérez Pimentel, 1997, pp. 24, 126, 227.
  38. ^ "Mission estadística de los Estados Unidos vendrá a hacer detenido estudio de nuestra realidad nacional" El Telégrafo, January 8, 1947.
  39. ^ In the introduction he writes, "..this is not a text, in the true meaning of the term, but rather only a conjunction of instructions to apply, in the simplest manner, the results obtained by great mathematical experts." This text of 208 pages plus graphics written while in retirement was never published and, apart from the prologue, is lost.
  40. ^ Tecglen, Eduardo Haro (Jun 18, 1986). "José Méndez, poeta y autor dramático". El País. Retrieved Jan 8, 2021 – via elpais.com.
  41. ^ a b c Castro, 1970. Prologue pp. 14,15. Méndez Herrera's Prologue also appears in the novel's Third Edition, Círculo de Lectores, Quito, 1988; and in Recado Cultural Portoviejo, November 1970.
  42. ^ Hidrovo Peñaherrera, Pérez Pimentel, 1997. page 29; Dumar Iglesias Matas, Testimonio Cultural de Manabí, Publicación de la Matriz, de la Casa de la Cultura Ecuatoriana, Gráficas Ramirez - Portoviejo, October 1983, page 37, among other sources.
  43. ^ Diccionario Biográfico Ecuador, Rodolfo Pérez Pimentel. [1] Vol. 2, p. 6.
  44. ^ Lenin Eduardo Paredes Ruiz Ricardo Paredes y su Luz en el Mundo Natal y João Pessoa, Brasil, November 2012, Chapter 5.
  45. ^ "Nómina de los miembros de la fracción universitaria de izquierda que fueron expulsados"
  46. ^ "¿Que hice en el senado?" p. 26.
  47. ^ "Una demanda" p. 4.
  48. ^ Iniciación, (Quito -- 1923) Year III, January 1924, No. 26, page 16. The poem also appears as one of three in "Diplomático y Novelista: Oswaldo Castro Intriago," La Prensa, January 31, 1999, Portoviejo; and in Castro, 1970 pp.302–304. An approximate translation: "The smile of your decadent princess hands, The smile of your kind Samaritan woman hands has kissed my hair, the lines in my forehead, and my two childlike eyes which laugh at nirvana. And in my two childlike eyes laughing at nirvana I have seen as through a lens the flaring of your incandescent gaze, of your lascivious gaze like that of a cruel gypsy or of Ila who loved Buddha there in the Far East. And in your eyes two morning stars of erotic mystery, like those of Saint Theresa, insane lover of solitary prayer, I saw the soft and shining chastity of your hysteric flesh imprinted, and your hysteric flesh, with heathen gasping breath, granted me in gift the smile of your hands". This translation appears in The Blind Mule Oswaldo Castro, p. 320
  49. ^ Castro, 1970, pp 302–304. The expanded poem appears in Chapter 23 pp. 302–304 and is played out in Chapter 18, pp. 236–240.
  50. ^ Horacio Hidrovo Peñaherrera, Rodolfo Pérez Pimentel, 1997, pp. 4, 210, 216; and "Oswaldo Castro Intriago, ecuatoriano benemérito y multifacético ha muerto!" El Nuevo Globo, July 2, 1992, Bahía de Caráquez, Ecuador, among other sources.
  51. ^ "Prof. Constantino Mendoza Moreira - Personajes Históricos". Enciclopedia Del Ecuador. May 20, 2016. Retrieved Jan 8, 2021.
  52. ^ Constantino Mendoza Moreira, Melodías de mi vida, Casa de la Cultura Ecuatoriana, Núcleo de Manabí, Editorial Gregorio, Portoviejo, October 1975. p. 112 Aterrizaje (Landing), Pasillo and p. 137 Cantando el Recuerdo (Singing the Memory) Tango. Aterrizaje (Landing) is also listed in Hidrovo Peñaherrera, Pérez Pimentel, 1997, p. 221.
  53. ^ "Sigo..." Revista Argos, No. 3, page 79, in the year 1922, Hidrovo Peñaherrera and Pérez Pimentel, 1997, p. 26, La Prensa; "Va llegando..." and "Thinking," Iniciación, Year 1, No. 8, July 1922, page 21; "¡Tarde!" Iniciación Year 1, No. 12, page 11, November 1922; "Frio" Iniciación Year 2, No. 19, June 1923, p. 11; "Mi nocturno" Iniciación Year 2, No.21, August 1923, page 23; "Figulina..." Iniciación, Year II, No. 22, September 1923, page 18; "La sonrisa..." Iniciación, Year III, January 1924, No. 26, page 16; "Miss Chone..." Pregòn Pages 32, 33; "Cantando..." Mendoza Moreira, page 137; "Pibe..." La Tijera Literaria; Pregòn p. 67, La Prensa; "Aterrizaje" Mendoza Moreira, page 112; "Untitled" Castro, 1970 pp. 302–304; "Buenos ..." La Tijera Literaria.
  54. ^ Cicerón Robles Velásquez, "Cuando los maestros mueren" (When teachers die), in an obituary, El Diario Manabita, July 1992.
  55. ^ a b Dumar Iglesias Matas, Ecuador Cultural Casa de la Cultura Ecuatoriana, Núcleo de Manabí, Portoviejo, 2002, p. 223.
  56. ^ "... he would show them various things outside the program, like, for example, differential calculus and statistics." From the preamble to Castro's Análisis Estadístico Elemental, unpublished.
  57. ^ "The first census ever to be conducted in Ecuador, South America, will be patterned directly after Wilmington's forthcoming population count and economic survey." "Foreign Census Director Here to View Count", The Wilmington News, Wilmington North Carolina, March 29, 1946.
  58. ^ "Terminó sus estudios de ciencias estadísticas," El Comercio, Quito, Ecuador – Wednesday, April 24, 1946. Same article with proposition 'de' changed to 'en' appears in "Terminó sus estudios en ciencias estadísticas," El Globo, Bahía de Caráquez, Ecuador, (no picture) Friday, April 26, 1946.
  59. ^ "Compatriota que triunfa en EE. UU." El Telégrafo, July, 1946.
  60. ^ Tom Robertson, "Ecuador Official Learns English Easy Way; Studies Recording of Statistics in State", The Clarion Ledger, Jackson, Mississippi, Friday morning, October 11, 1946. For the complete clip see: [2]
  61. ^ Participation of the United States Government in International Conferences: July 1, 1946–June 30, 1947, Department of State, Publication 3443 International Organization and Conference Series I, 7, pp. 275–281.
  62. ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1949". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved Jan 8, 2021.
  63. ^ "In-service training grants"
  64. ^ "Foreign Census Director Here To View Count," The Wilmington News, Wilmington, N. C., Friday, March 9, 1946.
  65. ^ "Population Count begins tomorrow" The Wilmington Morning Star, March 31, 1946.
  66. ^ "Visitor from Ecuador", Mississippi Vital Statistics Monthly Newsletter, September 15, 1946.
  67. ^ "The Record. Division of Cultural Cooperation, Department of State. 1947. p. 1. Retrieved 2021-01-09., Castro is seated third from right between Germano Jardim (Brazil) and J. C. Capt (USA). The same picture also appears in the International Statistical Institute web site but Adrian Fisher (USA) seated first on right is cut off. "Noteworthy moments in our history"
  68. ^ American Statistical Association Bulletin, Vol 7, # 2, May 1947, pp. 41–47. Following an FAO international meeting in Copenhagen, a World Food Board Commission had been assigned to meet in Washington in October that same year. [3]
  69. ^ Counters Here May finish Job This Week, Interim Census Work, First of its kind in World, Studied as Pattern for Similar Work in Ecuador, The Wilmington Morning Star, April 9, 1946.[4]
  70. ^ "Misión estadística de los Estados Unidos vendrá a hacer detenido estudio de nuestra realidad nacional," Subtitle: "Con citada misión vendrá técnico nacional Sr. Oswaldo Castro en unión de americanos" El Telégrafo January 8, 1947; "Técnicos norteamericanos colaborarán en el censo de la ciudad de Quito", Últimas Noticias, Tuesday, March 25, 1947; and "Significado Social del Censo en las Américas," Subtitle, "Conferencia sustentada ayer por el doctor Oswaldo Castro Intriago", Últimas Noticias May 26, 1947
  71. ^ "Prestaron juramento los enumeradores que realizaron el censo de Quito hoy" El Comercio Friday, June 27, 1947
  72. ^ a b "Se Realizó Censo de la Ciudad de Quito", sub headline: "Dr. Oswaldo Castro anunció a las ocho y media de la noche cifra provicional de 211.174 habitantes." El Telégrafo, Guayaquil, Ecuador, Saturday, June 28, 1947.
  73. ^ "Ecuadorian here for census study: Enumeration expected to be completed in City by April 11," Wilmington Morning Star, April 5, 1946. [5]
  74. ^ a b A graphic showing the breakdown of the Census' division of labor appears on page 11 of "En la mañana de hoy tuvo lugar la realizaciòn del Censo" El Comercio Friday, June 27, 1947.
  75. ^ "En Quito hay 12.311 casas con 18 habitantes más o menos en cada casa" El comercio April 5, 1947.
  76. ^ a b "Prensa y radio cooperaron con todo empeño en la realización del censo" Sub headline: "Un equipo de intérpretes estuvo a las ordenes de los enumeradores..." El Comercio, July 1, 1947.
  77. ^ "Vienen a realizar trabajos preliminares para el Censo del las Americas en 1950." El Comercio March 26, 1947, among other sources.
  78. ^ "Personalidades en el campo estadístico que llegan hoy" El Comercio, Sunday, March 23, 1947; "Comentarios de hoy" El Comercio, March 26, 1947. (Arrival of Jorge Zarur and Frank S. Morrison); "Técnico norteamericano viene al país" El Comercio Quito, Friday, May 9, 1947 (Arrival of Calvin Dedrick); "Técnico norteamericano en Estadística viene a dirigir los trabajos del Censo" El Comercio Sunday, May 28, 1947 (Arrival of Robert Richardson).
  79. ^ "La planificación técnica del censo de Quito" Friday, July 4, 1947[vague]
  80. ^ "Profesores primarios coadyuvarán a la realizaciòn del censo de esta ciudad." El Comercio Wednesday, June 4, 1947; "Muchos datos estadísticos de interés dará a conocer el próximo censo" El Comercio Tuesday, June 3, 1947.
  81. ^ A picture of one of the flyers distributed in May 1947 entitled "No crea usted en fantasmas" can be seen in "Levantamiento y análisis preliminar de las fuentes primarias y secundarias de la Historia de la Comunicación de la provincia de Pichincha en el periodo 1944 -1953" by Brazzero Novilla and María Karola, Centro Universitario Quito, 2013. Page 92.
  82. ^ "Varias personas han concurrido a la O. del Censo para hacerse empadronar" El Comercio, June 29, 1947; "211.174 habitantes da el computo provisional del Censo de Quito" El Comercio Saturday, June 28, 1947; "Muchos datos estadísticos de interés dará a conocer el próximo censo" El Comercio Tuesday, June 3, 1947; A. Clark "Race, ‘Culture,’ and Mestizaje: The Statistical Construction of the Ecuadorian Nation, 1930–1950" Journal of Historical Sociology Volume 11, Issue 2, June 1998.
  83. ^ "Significado Social del Censo en las Americas", "Conferencia sustentada ayer por el doctor Oswaldo Castro Intriago." May 28, 1947, Ultimas Noticias. See also "Significado Social del Censo en las Americas, Conferencia sustentada ayer por el doctor Oswaldo Castro Intriago" El Día, May 27, 1947 where the term "demographic jungle of the Americas" is quoted; also for a lack of census experience see Desde 1950, en Ecuador se cuenta cuántos somos a través de censos; and Demographic Status of South America
  84. ^ "Dr. Oswaldo Castro dió una conferencia sobre necesidad y beneficio del censo," "Asistieron el Alcalde de la ciudad, consejales y delegados de entidades culturales." El Comercio Tuesday, April 22, 1947, a lecture given in Quito City Hall. A picture of the flyer advertising this lecture but entitled "La necesidad, naturaleza y beneficios del censo" can be seen in "Levantamiento y análisis preliminar de las fuentes primarias y secundarias de la Historia de la Comunicación de la provincia de Pichincha en el periodo 1944 -1953" by Brazzero Novilla and María Karola, Centro Universitario Quito, 2013. Page 91.
  85. ^ "Nadie podrà abandonar su casa mientras se realice el censo de Quito de este." El Comercio Tuesday, June 10, 1947.
  86. ^ For pictures of a deserted Quito see El Comercio Saturday, June 28, 1947
  87. ^ Director General of Statistics and Census of Ecuador's Banco Central is the title given Procaccia by Daniel Kersffeld [6], "Se ultíman los preparativos para el censo de Quito que se realizará mañana" subtitle "Personal del Banco Central ha ofrecido su cooperación..." El Comercio June 26, 1947.
  88. ^ Una mirada histórica a la estadística del Ecuador p. 45, although the number of inhabitants differs in this document.
  89. ^ Calvert Dedrick highlights the importance of these trial censuses in "Cultural Differences and Census Concepts" The Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly Vol. 27, No. 3 (July 1949), p. 288.
  90. ^ "El Censo de Quito será un ensayo de valor para el censo general del país" El Comercio Quito, Ecuador – Saturday, May 10, 1947.
  91. ^ "El hambre y la miseria son las causas de la guerra, dijo el Doctor Oswaldo Castro" Última Hora La Paz, Bolivia, Friday, December 5, 1947.
  92. ^ "Delegado del Ecuador a la conferencia Mundial de Estadística en Washington" (with picture of Castro and López in the clip) El Comercio September 27, 1947; First Session of the Inter American Statistical Institute, September 6–18, 1947 Washington, D. C.
  93. ^ "International Statistical conferences meet in Washington; Committee on Census of the Americas meets" pages 1 and 4. Also American Statistical Association Bulletin p. 41.
  94. ^ "La División de Estadística Internacional en Washington", El Globo under the bold heading "Portoviejo, – Domingo 24 de Agosto de 1.947 [Sunday, August 24, 1947]" A picture of the 9 members of the Division appears in the clip.
  95. ^ a b "FAO-Institute Cooperation Outlined" Inter-American Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Turrialba, Costa Rica, January, 1948
  96. ^ "Organizaciòn de la Naciones Unidas para la alimentaciòn y agricultura." El Comercio August 1, 1947; "Comité de organización de alimentos y agricultura filial de ONU sesionará" El Comercio August 14, 1947.
  97. ^ "Three FAO experts tour Latin America", The Daily Standard, Sikeston, Missouri, 6 November 1947. p. 4; Dominican Republic, A Bulletin of the Dominican Embassy, 4500 Sixteenth St. N. W., Washington 11, D.C., No. 51, February 15, 1948. p. 2.
  98. ^ "Visita Lima un funcionario de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas" El Comercio Lima, Peru, November 20, 1947; "Declaraciones del doctor Oswaldo Castro funcionario en Latino-America de la F.A.O." El Comercio Lima, Peru, November 21, 1947, "Colegio de doctores en ciencias economicas" La Prensa, Lima, Perú, Monday, November 24, 1947, among other Lima and Callao newspaper sources; "Visita a Bolivia Dn. Osvaldo Castro" La Razón La Paz, Bolivia, Tuesday, December 2, 1947, "Oswaldo Castro reunirá a los periodistas para explicarles los alcances del censo 1.950" La Noche, La Paz, Bolivia, Wednesday, December 3, 1947, "Hay que producir más para eliminar el hambre en que se debaten los pueblos" El Diario La Paz, Bolivia, Friday, December 5, 1947, "El hambre y la miseria son las causas de la guerra, dijo el Doctor Oswaldo Castro" Última Hora La Paz, Friday, December 5, 1947, among other Bolivian newspaper sources; "Funcionario ecuatoriano de la NU llega mañana" El Imparcial Santiago, Chile, Wednesday, December 10, 1947, "Funcionario de las Naciones Unidas llega hoy a Santiago" El Mercurio Santiago de Chile, Thursday, December 11, 1947, 'El Ministro Bascuñán sostuvo reunión con delegado de las NU" La Hora Santiago, Thursday, December 18, 1947, "Representante de la NU. se entrevistò hoy con el Ministro de Agricultura" El Imparcial Santiago, Wednesday, December 17, 1947, "Delegado agrícola de las Naciones Unidas se entrevistará con S. E." La Nación Santiago, December 18, 1947, "La FAO, hada madrina de 3 letras, busca remedio a la miseria" (with picture of Castro and an unidentified reporter) Las Últimas Noticias Santiago, Thursday, December 18, 1947, "Estrecha relación hay entre el plan agrario chileno y la labor que realiza en el mundo la FAO" El Diario Ilustrado Santiago, Tuesday, December 23, 1947, among other Chilean sources; "'Alimento, Casa y Vestido necesitan los Pueblos,' dice un Funcionario de la UN" (with picture of Castro and an unidentified reporter) La Razón Buenos Aires, Sunday, January 4, 1948, "Encuentrase en Buenos Aires un funcionario de la UN" El Mundo Buenos Aires, Lunes, January 5, 1948, "Llegó en misión oficial un funcionario de la UN" La Nación Tuesday, January 6, 1948, "Formuló declaraciones un delegado de la U. N. en la América Latina" Noticias Gráficas (With picture of Castro and 4 unidentified reporters) Buenos Aires, Saturday, January 10, 1948, "El Doctor Osvaldo Castro, funcionario de enlace de las Naciones Unidas para los países de América Latina en las cuestiones relacionadas con la agricultura y la alimentación, que ayer partió para Asunción en un Clipper de la Pan American World" caption on picture of Castro at airplane door, no article, Clarín Buenos Aires, Wednesday, January 14, 1948, among other Argentinian sources; "Se encuentra en la Capital el Coordinador de las Naciones Unidas" La Razòn Asunción, Paraguay, Wednesday, January 14, 1948, "Funcionario de las Naciones Unidas llegó a Asunción" La Tribuna Asunción, Paraguay, Wednesday, January 14, 1948, "Visita nuestro país el Doctor Oswaldo Castro" El País Asunción, Wednesday, January 14, 1948, "Hizo declaraciones a La Razón el Dr. Castro, Coordinador de las N. Unidas, La Razón Asunción, Paraguay, Saturday, January 17, 1948, among other Paraguayan newspaper sources; "Funcionario de la UN en el Uruguay" (with picture of Castro with Uruguayan statisticians, Eduardo Fonticelli, Alberto Munilla, and Fermín C. Boado) El Diario Montevideo, Uruguay, Wednesday, January 21, 1948, "Visita la Dirección Gral. de Estadística el coordinador para Latinoamerica de la F.A.O." (with picture of Castro, Fonticelli, and Boado), La Razón Montevideo, Wednesday, January 21, 1948, "Entrevista con el Dr. Osvaldo Castro, miembro coordinador, para Latinoamerica, de la FAO" (with picture of Castro), El Día Montevideo, Uruguay, Wednesday, January 28, 1948, "Sobre los Alcances de la Obra de la 'FAO' nos habló ayer el señor Osvaldo Castro" with picture of Castro and picture of Boyd Orr, La Mañana Montevideo, Uruguay, Wednesday, January 28, 1948, "La FAO cumple un programa de rehabilitación mundial" El Diario Montevideo, Wednesday, January 28, 1948.
  99. ^ In an interview given on November 2, 1952, "Los técnicos de la FAO estudian problemas de nuestra producciòn." Ecuadorian newspaper.[vague] "FAO-Institute Cooperation Outlined" Inter-American Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Turrialba, Costa Rica, January, 1948; "Mañana inicia sus sesiones la conferencia de Nutrición" El Bien Público, Montevideo, Saturday, July 17, 1948.
  100. ^ Formuló Declaraciones Un Delegado de la U. N. en la America Latina with picture of Castro and 4 reporters with caption "'Cocktail' a los Representantes de la Prensa," Noticias Gráficas, Year XVIII Buenos Aires, Saturday, January 10, 1948. No. 5999.
  101. ^ "La Fao, hada madrina de 3 letras, busca remedio a la miseria. Ayudaremos a los pueblos que sufren hambre: Plan Pesquero. Chile tambien cooperarà con el organismo mundial en la alimentación de Europa." Las Últimas Noticias, 18 December 1947, Santiago.
  102. ^ El Diario; La Paz, Bolivia, where the word crusade is first used.
  103. ^ "Delegado Agrícola de las Naciones Unidas se entrevistará con S. E." La Nación Santiago, Chile, 18 December 1947.
  104. ^ "FAO pamphlet" (PDF). www.fao.org. Retrieved 2021-01-08.
  105. ^ "Oswaldo Castro, delegado del Ecuador ante la FAO, ha preparado el terreno para conferencia regional sobre bosques, en Brasil, y otra sobre naciones." With sub-headline: "Castro ha regresado a Washington luego de jira de tres meses y medio por paises latinoamericanos." Guayaquil, Ecuador, Miércoles, February 11, 1948, Year 64, Ocho Páginas.[vague] A similar press release also appears in: "En torno a la producciòn agrícola en Latino América", El Comercio, Lima, Peru, February 10, 1948.
  106. ^ Noticias Gráficas, 1948.
  107. ^ https://academic.oup.com/jn/article/137/4/873/4664689 . "Chegam ao Rio, amanhã, os representantes da FAO para Conferência de Nutricão" Diario de Noticias Rio de Janeiro, domingo 29 de maio 1950; "Reunião da organização de gèneros e agricultura no Rio de Janeiro"
  108. ^ From February 1951 FAO job application, and January 31, 1963 curriculum vitae.
  109. ^ "Bibliography". www.fao.org. Retrieved Jan 8, 2021.
  110. ^ Castro, 1970, Dedication, no page number.
  111. ^ a b S.A, El Diario, Grupo Ediasa (Jul 4, 2017). "El gran gabo y nuestros macondos". El Diario Ecuador. Retrieved Jan 8, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  112. ^ "La Mula Ciega, del ecuatoriano Oswaldo Castro - I" Constantino Aznar de Acevedo, El Día – Santa Cruz de Tenerife – Islas Canarias, Friday, December 1, 1972.
  113. ^ "La Mula Ciega, del ecuatoriano Oswaldo Castro - II" Constantino Aznar de Acevedo, El Día – Santa Cruz de Tenerife – Islas Canarias, Friday, December 8, 1972. The list appears in The Blind Mule, Oswaldo Castro, ISBN 978-1987695076. Appendix, pp. 369–378.
  114. ^ Members of Permanent Missions to the United Nations Entitled to Diplomatic Privileges and Immunities, Documents Department, University of California, July 31, 1959.
  115. ^ In a letter dated 18 November 1969, addressed to Castro in Rome, signed Luis Coloma Silva, on letterhead stationery, Dr. Luis Coloma Silva, Abogado, Apartado N. 251, Quito, Ecuador, S. A.
  116. ^ Castro Oswaldo: La mula ciega Madrid, Alfaguara, 1971 351 pps. S. Ilut. H. Alvarez M., CBA 11, March 1971, vol. III; Ecuatoriano Prohibido, June 1971, CBA 12, June 1971, vol. III. This quote also appears in Iglesias Matas, 2002, p. 224.
  117. ^ a b La Mula Ciega: Semifinalista" Cristina Romero, El Universo, January 31, 1973.
  118. ^ "La mula ciega: novela prohibida" por R. A. Carbo Noboa, El Universo, 15 August 1971.
  119. ^ Walter Rubin "La Mula Ciega y Platero" La Opinión Página Editorial, Los Angeles, California, Friday June 16, 1972, page 6. Professor Rubin was from the University of Houston, Texas, Division of Foreign Languages.
  120. ^ Oswaldo Castro La Mula Ciega, segunda edición, Editorial Gregorio, Portoviejo, 1979; Oswaldo Castro La Mula Ciega, Círculo de Lectores, Quito, 1988; Oswaldo Castro, La Mula Ciega, Colección Luna Llena, Editor Antonio Correa Losada, 2004 Quito, Ecuador; Oswaldo Castro La Mula Ciega, Colecciòn Bicentenario, Ministerio de Cultura, Quito, 2008.
  121. ^ The Blind Mule, ISBN 978-1987695076.
  122. ^ "Ministerio de Cultura del Ecuador Informe de gestión 2008" p. 11.
  123. ^ The Washington Post Sunday, June 28, 1992
  124. ^ Centenario del escritor Oswaldo Castro; "Recordaron natalicio de escritor manabita" el Diario Tuesday, July 30, 2002; among many other before and after death tributes.
  125. ^ "Unidad Educativa Oswaldo Castro I."
  126. ^ "La Casa de Nené de Santos Miranda. A 12 años de un triunfo literario."
  127. ^ "La Mula Ciega en el Bankers Club"
  128. ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JASlpsMX_Y4 Uploaded by Raúl Zavala; "La mula ciega al cine:; "'La mula ciega' al cine y teatro," El Autonomista, Edición 233, February 23, 2008.
  129. ^ https://vdocuments.mx/nuevo-encuentro-del-club-de-lectura-en-la-biblioteca-la-obra-la-mula.html among other studies and readings done posthumously.
  130. ^ https://www.facebook.com/ermogenes.willians/videos/757717338507710 [user-generated source]
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