Wikipedia

Otelo Saraiva de Carvalho

For other uses, see Otelo.

Otelo Nuno Romão Saraiva de Carvalho, GCL (Portuguese pronunciation: [ɔˈtɛlu sɐˈɾajvɐ ðɨ kɐɾˈvaʎu]; 31 August 1936 – 25 July 2021) was a Portuguese military officer who was the chief strategist of the 1974 Carnation Revolution. He later became a terrorist leader.[1]

Otelo Saraiva de Carvalho

MSMM • GCL • MPCE
Otelo Saraiva de Carvalho in 1976
Nickname(s)Otelo
Born(1936-08-31)31 August 1936
Lourenço Marques, Mozambique, Portugal
Died25 July 2021(2021-07-25) (aged 84)
Lisbon, Portugal
Allegiance Portugal
Service / branchMilitary flag of Portugal Portuguese Army
Years of service1955–1984
RankColonel
Battles / warsPortuguese Colonial War Carnation Revolution
AwardsGrand Cross of the Order of Liberty
Other workCandidate for President of Portugal

After the Revolution, Otelo assumed leadership roles in the first Portuguese Provisional Governments, alongside Vasco Gonçalves and Francisco da Costa Gomes, and as the head of military defense force COPCON. In 1976, Otelo ran in the first Portuguese presidential election, in which he placed second with the base of his support coming from the far-left. Otelo was tried and sentenced for being a leading member of the terrorist group Forças Populares 25 de Abril, which killed 19 people in several terrorist attacks. The Constitutional Court reverted the sentence due to unconstitutionality.

To solve the impasse, the Portuguese Parliament voted an amnesty for political crimes in 1996 as there was no perspective of juridical solution.[2] The amnesty was promoted by President Mário Soares as a gesture of democratic reconciliation as it erased the political crimes by far left and far right.[3][4][5] He was further trialled for the assassinations, but was acquitted.[6]

Thousands paid respect at his funeral in 2021, including the president Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa, the prime-minister António Costa and the president of the parliament Eduardo Ferro Rodrigues.[7] The parliament highlighted is role as a “liberator of Portugal”.[8]

Early life

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Otelo Saraiva de Carvalho was born in Lourenço Marques, Portuguese Mozambique (now Maputo, Mozambique) on 31 August 1936, of Luso-Goan (Portuguese India) ancestry. Named by his theatre-minded parents after Shakespeare's Othello, he completed his secondary education at a state school in Lourenço Marques. His father was a civil servant and his mother a railway clerk. He entered the Military Academy in Lisbon in 1955, at the age of nineteen.[9]

 
A street mural of Otelo, Lisbon, Portugal 1975.

Otelo spent many years in the colonial wars in Africa. He served in Portuguese Angola from 1961 to 1963 as a second lieutenant, and as a captain from 1965 to 1967. He was posted to Portuguese Guinea in 1970 as a captain, under General António de Spínola, in charge of civilian affairs and the propaganda campaign Hearts and Minds.[9]

On 5 November 1960, he married Maria Dina Afonso Alambre with whom he had two daughters and a son.[9]

In 1970, Otelo attended the funeral of António de Oliveira Salazar, the Prime Minister of Portugal from 1932 to 1968. At the funeral, Otelo was seen weeping over the casket of Salazar.[10]

Carnation Revolution and PREC

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Portuguese overseas territories in Africa during the Estado Novo regime: Angola and Mozambique were by far the two largest of those territories.

Otelo joined the underground Movement of Armed Forces, which carried out a coup d'état in Lisbon on 25 April 1974, in which he played a directing role.[11]

In July 1974, Otelo was made a brigadier and placed in command of the special military Command for the Continent COPCON, which was set up to secure order in the country and to promote the revolutionary process. In 1975, infighting in the MFA intensified with Otelo representing the left-wing of the movement. After the Carnation Revolution, the tension In between communist and noncommunist forces started to increase as MFA was deeply turning left as a consequence of communist party and the extreme left forces were becoming more intervening.

On his attempt to revert President António de Spínola tried to actively intervene appealing to «silent majority» against the political radicalization that was being lived to. On 28 September, He tried to convene a large popular demonstration in Lisbon that aimed to thwart the movement and show to the loss of influence of moderate forces.[12] After the failure of his movement, Spinola resigned, and Costa Gomes was nominee for the role.

However, MFA soldiers and left-wing parties, led by the PCP, blocked access to Lisbon the previous morning, with barricades at various points. The atmosphere was close to civil war and at the end of the day Otelo, then commander of COPCON, announced: "The Armed Forces Movement is in complete control of the situation."[13]

A right-wing putsch attempt, led by António de Spínola, was thwarted by the timely intervention of COPCON in March 1975. Otelo became part of the Council of the Revolution which was created on 14 March 1975. In May 1975 he was temporarily promoted to General and, together with Francisco da Costa Gomes and Vasco Gonçalves, formed the Directório (Directorate).[14]

The prime Minister Vasco Gonçalves decreed "victory over reaction" and the country would live another troubled reddish year. In a memo to American President Gerald Ford, Henry Kissinger states that “perhaps the most important lesson from the Portuguese weekend's events is the close coordination between MFA and the Communist Party. Between them their control of the situation was so complete that in all practical respects the country was in their hands” Kissinger wrote to the President.[15]

In July 1975, Otelo visited Cuba with a delegation of Portuguese military officers to meet Fidel Castro.[16] Otelo participated in the Cuban 26 of July celebrations with Castro.[17] During this trip, Castro informed Otelo of his intention to send Cuban troops to Angola to support MPLA. In response, Otelo assured Castro that the Portuguese government would have no objection to the involvement of Cuba there.[18]

The period In between 11 March and 25 November was later called the “Hot Summer of 1975” due to the number of clashes and force measurement between communist and non communists.

Costa Gomes, aligned with the communist party Otelo's success led to his being named the commander of the newly created Continente Operational Command (Comando Operacional do Continente - COPCON) for Lisbon Region. Created in July 1974 by President António Spínola to enforce the MFA program, COPCON brought together soldiers from the various branches of the armed forces and was composed of two divisions: one for Information and the other for operations.

This was a troubled period, with major social and political upheavals, clashes between the military and the emergence of various extreme leftist movements. Otelo told in an interview that, at that time, various social problems began to appear at COPCON, with workers seeing their bosses flee and becoming unemployed, for example. Then they began to receive rural workers who were unhappy with the agrarian reform. All sorts of problems came.

At the head of COPCON, Otelo begins to make controversial decisions. Among these controversial measures are the blank arrest warrants, without the intervention of the judiciary, which Otelo signed and which were later executed by his subordinates, often during the night without the victims even knowing why they were being detained.[19]

In an interview he gave and in response to whether COPCON was concerned about the advance of counter-revolutionary forces, which were assaulting, destroying, burning down the headquarters of left-wing parties, the Communist Party, the MDP, and other left-wing parties, Otelo says a phrase that would also become famous for its controversy: “Look, we are, in fact, very worried. This is growing very fast, and I hope we don't have to put the counter-revolutionaries in Campo Pequeno before they put us there”.[20]

On 25 November 1975, an extreme left-wing coup was attempted. Those who took part in the attempt were members of the MFA, the Portuguese Army Commandos, and COPCON. The coup, orchestrated by Otelo, failed to take control of the Portuguese government. Because of this failure, Otelo was imprisoned, COPCON was disbanded, and António Ramalho Eanes rose to power. As punishment for participation in the coup, Otelo was imprisoned for three months.[21][22]

1976 presidential campaign and following years

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In 1976, Otelo unsuccessfully stood as a candidate for president against Eanes.[23] Throughout his campaign, Otelo campaigned on a platform promoting socialism, national independence, and popular power.[24] Otelo's support came from the Portuguese working class, specifically in Setúbal and Alentejo. A notable supporter and organizer of Otelo's campaign was Zeca Afonso, a popular Portuguese revolutionary songwriter.[25] Otelo finished second in the election, with 792,760 votes (16.46%) and António Ramalho Eanes was elected president with 61.59%.[23]

Still in the second half of the 70s, Otelo actively participated in the creation of the GDUP (Grupos Dinamizadores de Unidade Popular) popular action groups, similar to what Otelo had seen in Cuba. GDUP grew throughout the country, fueled by Otelo's run for Presidency of the Republic. They majority of members were in favor of armed struggle as a political weapon.[26]

From the success from the presidential election, the Unitary Organization of Workers (OUT) emerged in April 1978, having Otelo as one of its first supporters and promoter's. Because OUT did not identify itself with the new parliamentary democratic regime, which emerged on 25 November 1975, it didn't constitute itself as a political party. Instead, it was only a political association. Among the approved motions, in the first OUT congress, in Marinha Grande, the defense of violence as a political weapon stands out: «people's power will only be possible (...) through the recourse (...) to armed revolutionary violence» and it can only be a reality. ...if the workers are armed, constituting a (...) people's army", and "Only with violence (...) is it possible for the people to conquer political power."[27]

Most OUT structure and leadership was filled by PRP-BR leaders, a party that shared some of its headquarters, allowing Otelo, who despite his military condition was entitled to be considered a permanent guest, to be present at the meetings, although without any voting rights. Less than two months after the aforementioned OUT congress, PRP-BR main leaders Isabel do Carmo and Carlos Antunes were arrested. During the same police operation, a Judiciary Police agent was killed.[28][29]

With Isabel do Carmo and Carlos Antunes imprisonment and the consequent power vacuum on PRP-BR leadership, a rupture was generated between them, who advocated this was not the time to develop OUT project and the other militants, led by Pedro Goulart, who defended greater violence, namely assassinations, in an attempt to radicalize the armed struggle. That later was materialized in the Projecto Global/FUP/FP-25 de Abril.[26]

Meanwhile, Otelo was penalized by the Superior Council of Discipline of the Army with the consequent passage to the situation of compulsory reserve, for having an active participation in politics, incompatible with his military status.[30]

1980 presidential campaign

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Political graffiti in support of Otelo's 1980 presidential campaign. The text reads "FUP Otelo - Popular Unity - 1980"

In 1980, Otelo was a candidate in the Portuguese presidential elections. He was nominated for the presidential race by the far-left political party which he was one of the founders of, Força de Unidade Popular (FUP). He continued to base his campaign upon building socialism in Portugal.[31] Once again, Otelo received support and advice from Portuguese musician José Afonso throughout the campaign.[25] This time, Otelo did not fare nearly as well as he had done four years beforehand. He finished a poor third, with 85,896 votes (1.4%).[32] After the election, Otelo confessed that he voted for his rival Eanes in the election, "to avoid the victory of the right-wing candidate Soares Carneiro".[25]

FUP/FP 25 de abril: imprisonment and release

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Accusations of terrorism

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After the defeat in the presidential elections, Otelo Saraiva de Carvalho, together with Pedro Goulart and Mouta Liz, created the Global Project (Projeto Global). It, "...had as purposes, among others, to create conditions that would allow its members, in the long term and through the armed insurrection, to seize the State and install popular power through the institutionalization of what they called direct and basist democracy and subvert the functioning of the institutions of the State enshrined in the Constitution, as this is one of the adequate conditions for the aforementioned armed insurrection..." It brought together the most radical sectors of the revolutionary far left, which were opposed to the establishment of a party-based parliamentary representative system, the restoration of the capitalist economic and social system.[31][27] This was a superstructure without legal existence and consisted of several components:

  1. Mass Political Organization: legal component constituted by a legal political party, the Popular Unity Force (FUP);[27]
  2. Armed Civilian Structure (Estrutura Civil Armada/ECA), which corresponded to the terrorist group Forças Populares 25 de Abril (FP-25), responsible for the assaults, bombings, and murders.[27]
  3. Military headquarters, led by Otelo and aimed recruiting military personnel for the project, standing in the background and would support the insurrection, when asked for.[27]
  4. OSCAR, which was none than Otelo himself and which sought to capitalize on his high awareness, seeking to attract elements of civil society to the project;[27]

The Global Project (Projecto Global) coordinated the clandestine and subversive component of the terrorist group FP-25, using armed violence as a political weapon, and the political party FUP, which gave it political and legal coverage. The distinction between the FUP and the FP-25 was similar to the one existing in Northern Ireland between Sinn Féin and the IRA or in Spain between Herri Batasuna and ETA.[33]

Global Project's first step was the creation of a political party – FUP/Força de Unidade Popular (Popular Unity Force) on 28 March 1980, two months after Otelo's defeats in the 1980 presidential elections and less than one month before the first attacks by FP-25. FUP, despite inheriting part of the physical and human structures of the former PRP/BR, the party from which most of the operatives came, never came to run for any legislative or municipal elections.[34]

As so, on 20 April 1980, five days before the Carnation Revolution anniversary, FP-25 de Abril initiate its activity with dozens of bomb attacks across the country, against government, police or military buildings. Joined with the initial announcement was a document named "Manifesto ao Povo Trabalhador", mentioning serious deviations from the 1976 Constitution, namely the abandonment of socialism, the abandonment of the land ownership nationalization (“Reforma Agrária”) and the loss of the people's decision-making process.[34][35]

Just two weeks later, a National Republican Guard (GNR) soldier was killed during a bank robbery. Over 7 years, they were responsible for 19 deaths, including a four-month-old baby, a General Director of Prison Service, a dissident/repentant terrorist, several GNR soldiers and five terrorists killed during robberies or clashes with security forces. FP-25's last action resulted in the death of a Judiciary Police officer, in August 1987. The violence was partially stopped in June 1984, with a secret police operation under a code name "Orion", which resulted in the arrest of most of its leaders and operatives. They would be later tried in October 1986.[35][36]

Arrest and preventive detention

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On 20 June 1984, Otelo was arrested under the charge of being a Forças Populares 25 de Abril founding member and leader. During "Orion" police operation, various incriminating documents were seized at FUP headquarters, as well as at Otelo ’s residence.[37][38] Among the seized documents were the two notebooks handwritten by Otelo, one green and one red, with several detailed reports of operations and meetings, namely the famous Conclave meeting in Serra da Estrela. Cândida Almeida, prosecutor in the trial recalls one of the most famous meetings, held in Serra da Estrela where everyone was hooded, Otelo had the number seven. Today it would be possible to do the DNA of the hood, but Otelo also never denied that he had been there.[39]

On Conclave, a discussion was held regarding future strategy, one of its most important documents was the nº 16. It's a guideline for violence defining who and how should be carried out the robberies and homicides, Otelo has written with his hand that he was content to know what the profile of the individual to be slaughtered. So, he knew perfectly well, he and the others in the military political leadership knew perfectly well who did what, so it can be said that they were moral authors. Those handwritten notebooks by Otelo are part of the case file and were reproduced in several books alluding to the process.[27] Otelo himself acknowledges having been present with a hood at the Conclave meeting, held in Serra da Estrela. According to him, in an interview with Expresso newspaper, it would have been a requirement of the ECA (Armed Civilian Structure), known as Forças Populares 25 de Abril.[40]

Usually, Otelo recorded in his personal notebook everything that was said at the meetings of Political-Military Board Projecto Global (FP-25) identifying all the people present by abbreviations and very enlightening and detailing everything that had been said by each of the authors.[41] Otelo's notebooks were, in fact, responsible for incriminating him as well as many of the detainees, as well as clarifying many of the organization's actions.[42] At the hearings, in addition to confessing almost the entirety of the facts, Otelo was unable to provide the least plausible explanation for the crimes he was accused of and it turned out that they were not only false accusations that supported the accusation, but a source of evidence, in which his manuscript stands out, where everything is reported with acronyms and names, which he was unveiled during the hearings.[37][43][44]

Judgment and amnesty on political offences

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In October 1985, Otelo was tried and convicted in court for his role in leading the FP 25 de Abril and sentenced to 15 years in prison.[45] The sentence would be confirmed by the Court of Appeal, which increased the sentence to 18 years and later the Supreme Court of Justice would fix it at 17 years in prison.[46]

He would appeal the sentence to the Constitutional Court, which would rule the sentence unconstitutional twice and leave the process at a legal impasse.[47] As the period of preventive detention had expired, since the sentence had not yet become final, following European pressure he was released on 17 May 1989, after five years in prison awaiting trial.[46] He was also demoted to lieutenant-colonel.[9]

The President, Mario Soares, tried to pursue a political solution. The parliament of left wing majority, supported by the socialist PS and the communist party PCP, approved an amnesty “for politically motivated offenses committed between 27 July 1976 and 21 June 1991”, including the offenses committed by the FP 25 de Abril, but also the right wing organisations such as MDLP.[3] This followed an earlier amnesty that covered offences until 1976 and the pardon in 1991 to the right-wing MDLP operational Ramiro Moreira that had been sentenced to 20 years.[48]pt:Movimento Democrático de Libertação de Portugal

For the approval of the amnesty, the parliament justified that “the legal complexity has made extremely difficult its legal solution. (…) with developments that do not presume the possibility of a just solution in reasonable time.”[49] Relevant to note that amnesty is not equivalent to pardon, as it applies to whom has not been convicted, forgetting eventual committed crimes.[3]

Outside were the so-called "blood crimes".[46][50]

Judgement and acquittal on blood crimes

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However, the various crimes committed and spread across the various districts are unified in a single process. There are more than 150 cases, two of which 10 completed homicides and 7 attempted, to be judged. It is from here that process 396/91[34] is created, which will bring together the judgment of blood crimes, which took place later and had the sentence handed down on April 6, 2001, and confirmed by the Lisbon Court of Appeal in June 2003. By the time of the trial, almost 20 years had passed since some crimes, the repentant were in Brazil or Mozambique and the defendants opted for silence. Even so, evidence was produced in relation to the crime of terrorist association, which was not being tried and which had already been amnestied. “The judgment detailed the crimes of blood, also listing all the names of the organization's members and leaders, including Otelo Saraiva de Carvalho:[46]

“The court proves everything in the steps that are taken for this or that murderer, even how decisions are made by the terrorist organization, the same is no longer true when it comes to identifying who pulls the trigger, who sets the bomb, who kills, who tries”[51]

“They belonged to the same terrorist organization, called «Forças Populares 25 de Abril – FP25»:”... Otelo Nuno Romão Saraiva de Carvalho...”[51]

“...all those defendants, and other unidentified individuals, at the end of 1979, beginning of 1980, were grouped together, of their own free will and perfectly conscious, with the shared intention of all to carry out a plan, which was engendered by some and then accepted by the others, all acting in concert to implement this plan, in an articulated and structured way, and continued over time, through insertion in their own structures”.[51]

“... the defendant Otelo, had top seat within Projecto Global /FP-25 highest decision-making committee. This body was the military political direction (called DPM) responsible for strategic direction and coordination between the political party (FUP), the military organization (PF-25) and all other components....”[51]

Even with the possibility of appealing to the Supreme Court of Justice, the Public Prosecutor's Office allowed the appeal period to pass when it had committed to the repentant ones to fight until the last instance for their exemptions from punishment.[52] This led the Attorney General's Office to launch an inquiry to determine responsibilities. A prosecutor was held responsible for having been responsible for this prescription.[53]

Later life and death

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Otelo Saraiva de Carvalho in 2014

While imprisoned for his involvement with FP-25, Otelo met Maria Filomena Morais and began a ménage à trois with her and his wife Maria Dina Afonso Alambre,[45] spending Monday to Thursday with Filomena and from Friday to Sunday with Dina.[54]

Otelo retired from military service and public life in 1989.[50] Following his retirement, Otelo remained a political activist and was featured in multiple documentaries about the Carnation Revolution.

In 2011, during the Portuguese financial crisis when the country was nearing the end of the center-left government of José Socrates and had to request international financial assistance, Otelo stated that he wouldn't have started the revolution if he had known what the country would become after it.[55] He also stated that the country would need a man as honest as Salazar to deal with the crisis, but from a non-fascist perspective.[56]

In March 2020, he was hospitalized in Lisbon for heart failure.[57] On 10 July 2021, Otelo was hospitalized again, at Army Hospital, in Lisbon.[58] Otelo died fifteen days later on 25 July, aged 84.[59][60]

Influence

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Otelo is still an icon for activists of the left in Portugal, but is hated by many right-wingers who consider him a terrorist who tried to seize power in the country in order to become Portugal's Fidel Castro.[61]

In 1983, he was decorated by President Eanes.[62]

In 2006, Otelo was voted the 68th greatest Portuguese in the Os Grandes Portugueses competition.[63]

At his funeral, thousands of person went to show appreciation for Otelo.[64] Also the major institutions in Portugal were represented. This includes the president Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa, the prime-minister António Costa and the then president of the parliament Eduardo Ferro Rodrigues.[65] The parliament approved a motion that highlighted is role as a “liberator of Portugal” referring to his role as operational mastermind of the Carnation revolution.[66]

Electoral history

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Presidential election, 1976

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Main article: 1976 Portuguese presidential election
Ballot: 27 June 1976
Candidate Votes %
António Ramalho Eanes 2,967,137 61.6
Otelo Saraiva de Carvalho 792,760 16.5
José Pinheiro de Azevedo 692,147 14.4
Octávio Pato 365,586 7.6
Blank/Invalid ballots 63,495 –
Turnout 4,881,125 75.47
Source: Comissão Nacional de Eleições[67]

Presidential election, 1980

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Main article: 1980 Portuguese presidential election
Ballot: 7 December 1980
Candidate Votes %
António Ramalho Eanes 3,262,520 56.4
António Soares Carneiro 2,325,481 40.2
Otelo Saraiva de Carvalho 85,896 1.5
Carlos Galvão de Melo 48,468 0.8
António Pires Veloso 45,132 0.8
António Aires Rodrigues 12,745 0.2
Blank/Invalid ballots 60,090 –
Turnout 5,840,332 84.39
Source: Comissão Nacional de Eleições[68]

Publications

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  • Cinco meses mudaram Portugal (1975)[69]
  • Contribuiçāo para uma alternativa popular à crise da economia em Portugal: texto de apoio da candidatura à Presidência da República de Otelo Saraiva de Carvalho (1976)[70]
  • Otelo: o povo é quem mais ordena (1977)[71]
  • Memorias de abril (1978)[72]
  • Alvorada em abril (1984)[73]
  • Presos por um Fio, Portugal e as FP-25 de Abril, de Nuno Gonçalo Poças, Casa das Letras, 4-2021, ISBN 9789896610333[33]
  • Viver e morrer em nome das FP-25, de António José Vilela, Casa das Letras, 6-2004, ISBN 972-46-1594-4[74]
  • "Caso FP-25 de Abril": Alegações do Ministério Público, Ministério da Justiça, 1987[27]

References

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  1. ^ "Obituary - Otelo de Carvalho, a force behind the 1974 coup in Portugal who later became a terrorist leader – obituary". Telegraph. 4 August 2021. Retrieved 10 December 2023.
  2. ^ Parliament. "Amnistia às infracções de motivação política".
  3. ^ a b c Noronha do Nascimento (2021). "Símbolo mítico do 25 de Abril" (PDF). O Referencial: 109.
  4. ^ Minder, Raphael (6 August 2021). "Otelo Saraiva de Carvalho, 84, Dies; Key Figure in Portugal Revolt". The New York Times. Retrieved 14 April 2022.
  5. ^ Schumacher, Edward (22 July 1985). "HERO OF PORTUGAL REVOLUTION FACES TERRORISM TRIAL TODAY". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
  6. ^ Noronha do Nascimento (2021). "Símbolo mítico do 25 de Abril" (PDF). O Referencial: 109.
  7. ^ Ribeiro, Nuno. "O luto vai por dentro". Público.
  8. ^ Parliament. Voto de pesar (PDF).
  9. ^ a b c d Moura, Paulo. Otelo: o Revolucionário. Dom Quixote, 2012.
  10. ^ "Portugal: a Twentieth-Century Interpretation." Portugal: a Twentieth-Century Interpretation, by Tom Gallagher, Manchester University Press, 1983, p. 200.
  11. ^ "Biografia de Otelo Saraiva de Carvalho". RTP Archives. Retrieved 28 January 2018.
  12. ^ "Do 25 de Abril de 74 ao 11 de Março de 75 | Memórias da Revolução | RTP". Memórias da Revolução (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 24 February 2022.
  13. ^ "O fracasso da manifestação da "maioria silenciosa"". www.dn.pt (in European Portuguese). 29 September 2020. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
  14. ^ Kaplan, Jim; Zeitlin, Jon (17 September 1975). "The Real Threat in Portugal". Harvard. Harvard Crimson. Retrieved 25 January 2018.
  15. ^ Santa Rita, João (26 April 2021). "Para a História: Os EUA na luta para impedir o controlo comunista de Portugal". VOA (in Portuguese). Retrieved 18 March 2022.
  16. ^ Anderson, Jack. "Portugal: The Cuban Connection" (PDF). Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 January 2017. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
  17. ^ Castro, Fidel. "discurso pronunciado por el comandante en jefe fidel castro ruz, primer secretario del comite central del partido comunista de cuba y primer ministro del gobierno revolucionario, en el acto central en conmemoracion del xxii aniversario del ataque al cuartel moncada, efectuado en la ciudad de santa clara, las villas, el 26 de julio de 1975, "año del primer congreso"". Cuban Government. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
  18. ^ "Acordos de Alvor Cubanos em Angola Rosa Coutinho Otelo Saraiva de Carvalho Almerindo Jaka Jamba". YouTube. Retrieved 22 January 2018.[dead YouTube link]
  19. ^ Henriques, João Pedro (25 July 2021). "De comandante da revolução a terrorista amnistiado. A vida do mais polémico militar de Abril". www.dn.pt (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 18 March 2022.
  20. ^ "Oxalá que nós não tenhamos de meter no Campo Pequeno..." NewsMuseum (in European Portuguese). 10 April 2016. Retrieved 18 March 2022.
  21. ^ Tannock, Michael. "13th Period - Third Republic of Portugal (20th and 21st Century)". Portugal History. Retrieved 26 January 2018.
  22. ^ Faye, Jean Pierre. Portugal: the Revolution in the Labyrinth: from the Papers of the Russell Committee for Portugal. Spokesman Books, 1976. pg. 43
  23. ^ a b "CNE Resultados". Comissão Nacional de Eleições. Archived from the original on 5 October 2018. Retrieved 25 January 2018.
  24. ^ "Scenes from the Class Struggle in Portugal = Cenas Da Luta De Classes Em Portugal." New York Cinema Co., 1976.
  25. ^ a b c "José Afonso. Foi Otelo quem escolheu o músico para "cantar" senha do 25 de Abril". Observador. Retrieved 1 February 2018.
  26. ^ a b Poças, Nuno Gonçalo (2021). "As organizações precedentes". Presos por um fio : Portugal e as FP-25 de Abril (in Portuguese). Lisbon: Casa das Letras. pp. 44–52. ISBN 978-989-66-1033-3. OCLC 1245348114.
  27. ^ a b c d e f g h "Caso FP-25 de Abril": Alegações do Ministério Público (in Portuguese). Lisbon: Ministério da Justiça. 1987.
  28. ^ Vilela, António José (2005). "Evolução Política - o caso da Força de Unidade Popular". Viver e Morrer em Nome das FP-25 (in Portuguese). Cruz Quebrada: Casa das Letras. pp. 33–47. ISBN 972-46-1594-4.
  29. ^ Pereirinha, Sónia Simões, Tânia (28 December 2021). "Seis interrogatórios e um encontro secreto. O frente a frente que durou meses entre Otelo e um juiz". Observador (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 19 March 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  30. ^ "Reconstituição da carreira de militar nos termos da Lei n.º 43/99, de 11 de Junho". Diário da República. 22 December 2010. Retrieved 19 March 2022.
  31. ^ a b "ACÓRDÃO N.º 231/04 - Constitutional Court of Portugal" (in Portuguese). 30 April 2004. Retrieved 1 February 2018.
  32. ^ "CNE Resultados". Comissão Nacional de Eleições. Archived from the original on 9 May 2012. Retrieved 25 January 2018.
  33. ^ a b Gonçalo., Poças, Nuno (2021). Presos por um fio : Portugal e as FP-25 de Abril. Casa das Letras. ISBN 978-989-661-033-3. OCLC 1256402822.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  34. ^ a b c Castelo-Branco, Manuel. "À lei da bala. Os 25 anos sobre a amnistia às Forças Populares-25 de Abril". Observador (in European Portuguese).
  35. ^ a b Pereirinha, Sónia Simões, Tânia. "FP-25 de Abril. As bombas, as balas e os "inimigos a abater"". Observador (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 31 January 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  36. ^ Poças, Nuno Gonçalo (2021). "7 anos de terrorismo". Presos por um fio : Portugal e as FP-25 de Abril (in Portuguese). Alfragide: Casa das Letras. pp. 53–71. ISBN 978-989-661-033-3. OCLC 1294405805.
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