Ottoman Serbs (Turkish: Osmanlı Sırpları) were ethnic Serbs who lived in the Ottoman Empire (1453–1922). Ottoman Serbs, who were Serbian Orthodox Christian, belonged to the Rum Millet (millet-i Rûm, "Roman Nation"). Although a separate Serbian millet (Sırp Milleti) was not officially recognized during Ottoman rule, the Serbian Church was the legally confirmed representative organization of the Serbs in the Ottoman Empire.[1]
History
editEarly modern period
editThe Serbs had taken an active part in the wars fought in the Balkans against the Ottoman Empire, and also organized uprisings.[2] Because of this, they suffered persecution and their territories were devastated.[2] Major migrations from Serbia into Habsburg territory ensued.[2]
In early 1594, the Serbs in Banat rose up against the Ottomans.[3] The rebels had, in the character of a holy war, carried war flags with the icon of Saint Sava.[4] After suppressing the uprising, the Ottomans publicly incinerated the relics of Saint Sava at the Vračar plateau on April 27, 1595.[4] The incineration of Sava's relics provoked the Serbs, and empowered the Serb liberation movement. From 1596, the center of anti-Ottoman activity in Herzegovina was the Tvrdoš Monastery in Trebinje. An uprising broke out in 1596, but the rebels were defeated at the field of Gacko in 1597, and were forced to capitulate due to the lack of foreign support.[5]
After allied Christian forces had captured Buda from the Ottoman Empire in 1686 during the Great Turkish War, Serbs from Pannonian Plain (present-day Hungary, Slavonia region in present-day Croatia, Bačka and Banat regions in present-day Serbia) joined the troops of the Habsburg Monarchy as separate units known as Serbian Militia.[6] Serbs, as volunteers, massively joined the Austrian side.[7] In 1688, the Habsburg army took Belgrade and entered the territory of present-day Central Serbia. Louis William, Margrave of Baden-Baden called Serbian Patriarch Arsenije III Čarnojević to raise arms against the Turks; the Patriarch accepted and returned to the liberated Peć. As Serbia fell under Habsburg control, Leopold I granted Arsenije nobility and the title of duke. After the ensuing Ottoman victory, a large migration of Serbs to Habsburg lands was undertaken by Patriarch Arsenije III.[8] The large community of Serbs concentrated in Banat, southern Hungary and the Military Frontier included merchants and craftsmen in the cities, but mainly refugees that were peasants.[8] Serbia remained under Ottoman control until the early 19th century, with the eruption of the Serbian Revolution in 1804.
1900s
editThe Serb Democratic League was an Ottoman Serb political organisation established on August 13, 1908, at the First Serb Conference (August 10–13), immediately after the Young Turk Revolution. It included the Serb elite of Old Raška, Kosovo and Metohija, and Vardar Macedonia and Aegean Macedonia.[9]
Serbian Patriarchate of Peć
edit
The Serbian Orthodox Church was re-established in 1557, as the Serbian Patriarchate of Peć.[10] The Patriarchate was abolished in 1766.[11]
Nationality status
editIn 1826, an addendum to the Akkerman Convention mentioned the Serb Millet.[12] Since given autonomy in 1830, the Principality of Serbia urged the Ottoman government to recognize the Serb nation outside the principality, in Ottoman territories.
In 1906, the Ottoman government recognized the Serb Millet in Macedonia.[13][14] This decision was made independently from the Serbian government.[13]
Notable people
editAfter the Ottoman conquest of the Balkans, the Ottoman Empire acquired a significant Serb community. Among notable people in the Ottoman government of fully or partial Serb ancestry were several viziers and sultans (Suleiman II and Osman III).
- Serb community
- Marko Mrnjavčević, Serbian provincial lord, Ottoman vassal
- Mihailo Anđelović, Serbian Despotate
- Stanislav Sočivica (1715–1777), Serbian rebel leader, active in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Montenegro.
- For Serbian Revolutionaries, see this list.
- Ottoman government
- Sokollu Mehmed Pasha, Ottoman Grand Vizier from 1565 to 1579
- Aşub Sultan, originally Katarina, consort of Sultan Ibrahim I and mother of Sultan Suleiman II.[15][16][17]
- Şehsuvar Sultan, originally Maria, consort of Sultan Mustafa II (r. 1695–1703) and mother of Sultan Osman III (r. 1754–1757).[18]
- Olivera Despina, daughter of Prince Lazar, consort of Sultan Bayezid I.
- Veli Mahmud Pasha, Grand Vizier 1456–68 and 1472–74. Serbian-Byzantine from Novo Brdo.[19]
- Zagan Pasha, Ottoman Grand Vizier from 1453 to 1456
- Deli Husrev Pasha, Ottoman statesman and second vizier
- Hadım Ali Pasha, Ottoman Grand Vizier from 1501 to 1503 and 1506 to 1511
- Lala Mustafa Pasha, Ottoman Grand Vizier in 1580
- Semiz Ali Pasha, Ottoman Grand Vizier from 1561 to 1565
- Sokolluzade Lala Mehmed Pasha, Ottoman Grand Vizier from 1604 to 1606
- Boşnak Derviş Mehmed Pasha, Ottoman Grand Vizier during 1606
- Nevesinli Salih Pasha, Ottoman Grand Vizier from 1645 to 1647
- Kara Musa Pasha, Ottoman Grand Vizier during 1647
- Sarı Süleyman Pasha, Ottoman Grand Vizier from 1685 to 1687
- Daltaban Mustafa Pasha, Ottoman Grand Vizier from 1702 to 1703
- Damat Melek Mehmed Pasha, Ottoman Grand Vizier from 1792 to 1794
- Ivaz Mehmed Pasha, Ottoman Grand Vizier from 1739 to 1740
- Yavuz Ali Pasha, Ottoman Governor of Egypt from 1601 to 1603
- Meylişah Hatun, Consort to Sultan Osman II
- George Berovich, Governor-General of Crete and Prince of Samos.
- Gedik Ahmed Pasha, Grand Vizier 1474–77. Serbian from Vranje.[20]
- Omar Pasha (Serbian: Mihajlo Latas; 1806–1871), general, convert
- Mara Branković, wife of Murad II, very influential in imperial affairs, ambassador to Venice
- Osman Aga of Temesvar (1670–1725), Ottoman commander
- Skenderbeg Crnojević
- George Berovich
- Aganlija
- Kučuk-Alija
- Sali Aga
- Sinan-paša Sijerčić, Ottoman Bosnian general. Bosnian Serb origin.[21][22]
- Malkoçoğlu family, one of four leading akinci families. Serbian origin.[23][24]
See also
edit
References
edit- ^ Serbian Studies. Vol. 9–10. North American Society for Serbian Studies. 1995. p. 91.
- ^ a b c Ga ́bor A ́goston; Bruce Alan Masters (1 January 2009). Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire. Infobase Publishing. pp. 518–. ISBN 978-1-4381-1025-7.
- ^ Rajko L. Veselinović (1966). (1219-1766). Udžbenik za IV razred srpskih pravoslavnih bogoslovija. (Yu 68-1914). Sv. Arh. Sinod Srpske pravoslavne crkve. pp. 70–71.
- ^ a b Nikolaj Velimirović (January 1989). The Life of St. Sava. St. Vladimir's Seminary Press. p. 159. ISBN 978-0-88141-065-5.
- ^ Ćirković 2004, p. 141-142.
- ^ Gavrilović, Slavko (2006), "Isaija Đaković" (PDF), Zbornik Matice Srpske za Istoriju (in Serbian), vol. 74, Novi Sad: Matica Srpska, Department of Social Sciences, Proceedings i History, p. 7, archived from the original (PDF) on 16 September 2011, retrieved 21 December 2011
- ^ Janićijević, Jovan (1996), Kulturna riznica Srbije (in Serbian), IDEA, p. 70, ISBN 9788675470397,
Велики или Бечки рат Аустрије против Турске, у којем су Срби, као добровољци, масовно учествовали на аустријској страни
- ^ a b Jelavich 1983, p. 145.
- ^ Tatomir P. Vukanović (2001). Enciklopedija narodnog života, običaja i verovanja u Srba na Kosovu i Metohiji: VI vek - početak XX veka : više od 2000 odrednica. Vojnoizdavački zavod. p. 449. ISBN 9788673881249.
Српски прваци
- ^ Sotirović 2011, p. 143–169.
- ^ Ćirković 2004, p. 177.
- ^ Bernard Lewis (11 June 1991). The Political Language of Islam. University of Chicago Press. pp. 132–. ISBN 978-0-226-47693-3.
As early as 1826, an addendum to the Akkerman Convention signed in that year spoke of the "Serb Millet" (Turkish text in Mecmua-i Muahedat [Istanbul, a.h. 1294-98], vol. 4, p. 69).
- ^ a b Lazo Mojsov (1979). The Macedonian Historical Themes. Jugoslovenska stvarnost-Medjunarodna politika. p. 91.
- ^ Prince Stephan Lazar Eugene Lazarovich-Hrebelianovich; Eleanor Hulda Princess Lazarovich-Hrebelianovich (1910). The Servian People: Their Past Glory and Their Destiny. Charles Scibner's Sons. p. 365.
- ^ "Sultan II. Süleyman Han". Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism. Retrieved 2009-02-06.
- ^ Günseli İnal; Semiramis Arşivi (2005). Semiramis: Sultan'ın gözünden şenlik. YKY. p. 27. ISBN 978-975-08-0928-6.
Siileyman'in annesi Sirp Katrin yani Dilasiip Hatun
- ^ Ali Kemal Meram (1977). Padişah anaları: resimli belgesel tarih romanı. Öz Yayınları. p. 325.
- ^ Meram 1977, p. 355, "İkinci Mustafa'nın (Şehsuvar Sultan) takma adlı câriyesi Sırp kızı Mari'den doğan oğlu Üçüncü Osman", İnal & Arşivi 2005, p. 27, "Osman'in annesi Sirp Mari yani §ehsiivar Sultan"
- ^ Stavrides 2001.
- ^ Heath W. Lowry (2003). The Nature of the Early Ottoman State. SUNY Press. p. 116. ISBN 978-0-7914-8726-6. Retrieved 20 February 2013.
- ^ Bosanska vila. Nikola T. Kašiković. 1898. p. 301.
- ^ Milenko M. Vukićević (1906). Znameniti Srbi muslomani. Davidović. p. 104.
Кућа Сијерчића води своје поријекло од старе српске властеоске куће Шијернића, како запнси тврде, или од Лучевпћа, како предање каже. Кад је сила османлијска навалила на Босну п Херцеговину, онда се кућа Шијернића храбро бо- рила протпв снле османлијске, борила се бранећи јуначкн своје огњиште и свој народ, свој језнк и своју слободу. Алп ко ће силн ...
- ^ Finkel 2012, p. 21.
- ^ Gemil, Tahsin (1991). Românii și otomanii în secolele XIV-XVI (in Romanian). p. 59. ISBN 9789732701980.
Malkocogullari, tot comandanţi de acingii, erau descendenţii unui feudal sirb Malkovic).
Sources
edit- Aslantaş, S. (2010). SIRP MİLLETİNİN İNŞASINDA BİR ARAÇ OLARAK TARİH. In Perspectives on Ottoman studies: papers from the 18th Symposium of the International Committee of Pre-Ottoman and Ottoman Studies (CIEPO) at the University of Zagreb 2008 (Vol. 1, p. 97). LIT Verlag Münster. (in Turkish)
- Babinger, Franz (1992). Mehmed the Conqueror and His Time. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0691010781.
- Bataković, Dušan T., ed. (2005). Histoire du peuple serbe [History of the Serbian People] (in French). Lausanne: L’Age d’Homme. ISBN 9782825119587.
- Ćirković, Sima (2004). The Serbs. Malden: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 9781405142915.
- Finkel, Caroline (2006). Osman's Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire 1300–1923. London: John Murray. ISBN 978-0-7195-6112-2.
- İnal, Günseli; Arşivi, Semiramis (2005). Semiramis: Sultan'ın gözünden şenlik. YKY. ISBN 978-975-08-0928-6.
- Isailović, Neven G.; Krstić, Aleksandar R. (2015). "Serbian Language and Cyrillic Script as a Means of Diplomatic Literacy in South Eastern Europe in 15th and 16th Centuries". Literacy Experiences concerning Medieval and Early Modern Transylvania. Cluj-Napoca: George Bariţiu Institute of History. pp. 185–195.
- Jagodić, Miloš (2008). "Нуфуско питање: проблем званичног признавања српске нације у Турској 1894-1910" [The Nüfus Question: Problem of official recognition of Serb nationality in Turkey 1894-1910]. Историјски часопис. 57: 343–354.
- Krstić, Aleksandar R. (2017). "Which Realm will You Opt for? – The Serbian Nobility Between the Ottomans and the Hungarians in the 15th Century". State and Society in the Balkans Before and After Establishment of Ottoman Rule. Belgrade: Institute of History, Yunus Emre Enstitüsü Turkish Cultural Centre. pp. 129–163. ISBN 9788677431259.
- Meram, Ali Kemal (1977). Padişah anaları: resimli belgesel tarih romanı (in Turkish). Öz Yayınları.
- Parlić-Božović, Jasna Lj. (2011). "Serbs in education during the Turkish government". Zbornik radova Filozofskog fakulteta u Prištini. 41: 555–568.
- Sotirović, Vladislav B. (2011). "The Serbian Patriarchate of Peć in the Ottoman Empire: The First Phase (1557–94)". Serbian Studies: Journal of the North American Society for Serbian Studies. 25 (2): 143–169. doi:10.1353/ser.2011.0038. S2CID 143629322.
- Stavrides, Théoharis (2001). The Sultan of Vezirs: The Life and Times of the Ottoman Grand Vezir Mahmud Pasha Angelovic (1453–1474). Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-12106-5.
- Stojančević, Vladimir. Južnoslovenski narodi u Osmanskom carstvu od Jedrenskog mira 1829. do Pariskog kongresa 1856. godine. Izdavačko-štamparsko preduzeće PTT, 1971.