Wikipedia

Pál Szalai

Not to be confused with Pál Szalay (athlete).

Pál Szalai (September 3, 1915 – January 16, 1994) also spelled Pál Szalay and later anglicized as Paul Sterling was a high-ranking Hungarian police officer and disillusioned member of the Arrow Cross Party. In 1945, together with Swedish diplomat Raoul Wallenberg, Szalai helped save hundreds of Hungarian Jews in the Budapest ghetto.

Pál Szalai
Born(1915-09-03)September 3, 1915
Budapest, Hungary
DiedJanuary 16, 1994(1994-01-16) (aged 78)
Los Angeles, California, United States
OccupationPolice officer
Known forRescuing Hungarian Jews from the Holocaust

In 2009, he was honored by Israel as Righteous among the Nations.[1][2][3][4]

Biography

edit

Pál Szalay was born in Budapest on 3 September 1915.

The Wallenberg-Szalai connection

edit

In the Hungarian Boy Scouts in 1929 Szalay became friends with Károly Szabó. This friendship continued in the critical months 1944 - 1945 while Pál Szalai, high-ranking member of the police force supported Raoul Wallenberg.

Szalai was from 1939 to 1942 an idealistic member of the Arrow Cross Party. He left the party in 1942 disillusioned, and returned to a high-ranking police force position in October 1944 to help people in mortal danger from the Holocaust.

Szalai's friend Károly Szabó was an employee of the Swedish Embassy. Dr. Otto Fleischmann Doctor of Medicine and psychologist of the Swedish Embassy motivated Károly Szabó to play active role in the rescue actions of Raoul Wallenberg. Pál Szalai supported his friend with important personal documents, signed from the German command in the Battle of Budapest.[5] Szalai agreed to meet Raoul Wallenberg at the Swedish Embassy in the night of December 26, 1944.

The ghetto in Budapest

edit

Szalai provided Raoul Wallenberg with special favors and government information. In the second week of January 1945, Raoul found out that Adolf Eichmann planned a massacre in the Budapest ghetto. The only one who could stop it was the man given the responsibility to carry the massacre out, the commander of the German troops in Hungary, Major General Gerhard Schmidhuber. Through Szalai, Wallenberg sent Schmidhuber a note promising that he, Raoul Wallenberg, would make sure the general was held personally responsible for the massacre and that he would be hanged as a war criminal when the war was over. The general knew that the war would be over soon and that the Germans were losing. The massacre never took place.[6]

According to Giorgio Perlasca, who posed as the Spanish consul-general to Hungary in the winter of 1944 and saved 5218 Jews, Pál Szalai lied to save his life during his criminal trial, and the history of the saving is different.[7][8][9][10] Raoul Wallenberg saved hundreds of people but was not directly involved in the plan to save the ghetto. While Perlasca was posing as the Spanish consul-general, he learned of the intention to burn down the ghetto. Shocked and incredulous, he asked for a direct hearing with the Hungarian interior minister Gábor Vajna, in the basement of the Budapest City Hall where he had his headquarter, and threatened fictitious legal and economic measures against the "3000 Hungarian citizens" (in fact, a much smaller number) declared by Perlasca as residents of Spain, and the same treatment by two Latin American governments, to force the minister to withdraw the project. This actually happened in the following days.[8][10][7][9]

After the war

edit

After the war, Szalai was one of few high-ranking members of the Arrow Cross Party not executed. He was set free in recognition of his cooperation with Wallenberg.

Show trial preparations 1953 in Hungary

edit

Preparations for a show trial started 1953 in Budapest to "prove" that Wallenberg had never been in the Soviet Union, nobody had dragged off Wallenberg in 1945, least of all the Soviet Army. Everything was ready for a trial designed to prove that Wallenberg had been the victim of cosmopolitan Zionists. Three leaders of the Jewish community of Budapest and former officials of the Central Jewish Council, Dr. László Benedek, Lajos Stöckler, and Miksa Domonkos, as well as two additional "eyewitnesses" Pál Szalai and Károly Szabó were arrested and tortured. The preparations for the show trial were initiated in Moscow, as part of Joseph Stalin's increasing antisemitic and anti-Zionist campaign - e.g. Solomon Mikhoels murder, Night of the Murdered Poets (of the World War II time Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee), Slansky Trial, Doctors' Plot. After Stalin's death on March 5, 1953, and as Lavrentiy Beria was executed, the trial was aborted and the arrestees released in fall 1953. Due to severe torture Miksa Domonkos died shortly after being released and Lajos Stöckler became psychologically impaired.[11]

Emigration and death

edit

He emigrated 1956 to the United States and lived in New Jersey then moved to California. He died on January 16, 1994, in Los Angeles, California, under the name "Paul Sterling".[12]

See also

edit

References

edit
  1. ^ "Israel honors Hungarians who saved Jews - CNBC". CNBC. Archived from the original on 2012-10-07. Retrieved 2017-10-24. The Associated Press 07 Apr 2009
  2. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2024-05-24. Retrieved 2009-10-02.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) MTI Magyar Távirati Iroda
  3. ^ http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=1077133&contrassID=0&subContrassID=0 Haaretz
  4. ^ Pál Szalai – his activity to save Jews' lives during the Holocaust, at Yad Vashem website
  5. ^ József Szekeres: Saving the Ghettos of Budapest in January 1945, Pál Szalai "the Hungarian Schindler" ISBN 978-963-7323-14-0, Budapest 1997, Publisher: Budapest Archives, Page 41
  6. ^ Incredible People: Wallenberg
  7. ^ a b United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Oral history interview with Giorgio Perlasca, 5 September 1990
  8. ^ a b Interview by Enrico Deaglio to Giorgio Perlasca, from: Mixer, Giorgio Perlasca, Giovanni Minoli, Rai, 1990
  9. ^ a b VareseNews, Gli uomini giusti muoiono di sabato, 22 May 2010
  10. ^ a b Interview by Enrico Deaglio to Giorgio Perlasca, from: Fondazione Giorgio Perslasca, Giorgio Perlasca - il mixer israeliano in ebraico, 1990
  11. ^ Book: Mária Ember, They Wanted to Blame Us, 1992 "Gábor Murányi". Archived from the original on 2007-02-27. Retrieved 2007-02-27.)
  12. ^ Social Security Death Index; 141-32-9949 some biographies incorrectly list January 18, 1994

Further reading

edit
  • A Man for All Connections, The Wallenberg-Szalai connection, Andrew Handler, Praeger/Greenwood, 30 January 1996; ISBN 978-0-275-95214-3. Handler focuses on explaining the Hungarian political context that made the rescue possible.... Less well known is the fact that Wallenbergs mission was supported by various representatives of the Hungarian state apparatus.
  • József Szekeres: Saving the Ghettos of Budapest in January 1945, Pál Szalai "the Hungarian Schindler" ISBN 978-963-7323-14-0, Budapest 1997, Publisher: Budapest Archives
edit
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pál_Szalai&oldid=1227005930"