Protamine 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PRM2 gene .[ 5]
Protamines substitute for histones in the chromatin of sperm during the haploid phase of spermatogenesis , and are the major DNA-binding proteins in the nucleus of sperm in many vertebrates. They package the sperm DNA into a highly condensed complex in a volume less than 5% of a somatic cell nucleus.
Many mammalian species have only one protamine (protamine 1); however, a few species, including human and mouse, have two. This gene encodes protamine 2, which is cleaved to give rise to a family of protamine 2 peptides . Alternatively spliced transcript variants have also been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2015].
Friel A, Houghton JA, Glennon M, Lavery R, Smith T, Nolan A, Maher M (February 2002). "A preliminary report on the implication of RT-PCR detection of DAZ, RBMY1, USP9Y and Protamine-2 mRNA in testicular biopsy samples from azoospermic men" . International Journal of Andrology . 25 (1): 59–64. doi :10.1046/j.1365-2605.2002.00326.x PMID 11869379 . Zhang J, Webb DM, Podlaha O (December 2002). "Accelerated protein evolution and origins of human-specific features: Foxp2 as an example" . Genetics . 162 (4): 1825–35. doi :10.1093/genetics/162.4.1825 . PMC 1462353 PMID 12524352 . Tanaka H, Miyagawa Y, Tsujimura A, Matsumiya K, Okuyama A, Nishimune Y (February 2003). "Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the protamine-1 and -2 genes of fertile and infertile human male populations" . Molecular Human Reproduction . 9 (2): 69–73. doi :10.1093/molehr/gag010 PMID 12569175 . Nasr-Esfahani MH, Salehi M, Razavi S, Mardani M, Bahramian H, Steger K, Oreizi F (December 2004). "Effect of protamine-2 deficiency on ICSI outcome" . Reproductive Biomedicine Online . 9 (6): 652–8. doi :10.1016/s1472-6483(10)61776-2 PMID 15670415 . Torregrosa N, Domínguez-Fandos D, Camejo MI, Shirley CR, Meistrich ML, Ballescà JL, Oliva R (August 2006). "Protamine 2 precursors, protamine 1/protamine 2 ratio, DNA integrity and other sperm parameters in infertile patients" . Human Reproduction . 21 (8): 2084–9. doi :10.1093/humrep/del114 PMID 16632464 . Aoki VW, Christensen GL, Atkins JF, Carrell DT (November 2006). "Identification of novel polymorphisms in the nuclear protein genes and their relationship with human sperm protamine deficiency and severe male infertility" . Fertility and Sterility . 86 (5): 1416–22. doi :10.1016/j.fertnstert.2006.04.033 PMID 16989827 . Aoki VW, Christensen GL, Atkins JF, Carrell DT (November 2006). "Identification of novel polymorphisms in the nuclear protein genes and their relationship with human sperm protamine deficiency and severe male infertility" . Fertility and Sterility . 86 (5): 1416–22. doi :10.1016/j.fertnstert.2006.04.033 PMID 16989827 . Aoki VW, Liu L, Jones KP, Hatasaka HH, Gibson M, Peterson CM, Carrell DT (November 2006). "Sperm protamine 1/protamine 2 ratios are related to in vitro fertilization pregnancy rates and predictive of fertilization ability" . Fertility and Sterility . 86 (5): 1408–15. doi :10.1016/j.fertnstert.2006.04.024 PMID 17011555 .
This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine , which is in the public domain .
