Pachyballus caelestis is a species of jumping spider in the genus Pachyballus that lives in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It was first described in 2020 by Wanda Wesołowska, Galina Azarkina and Konrad Wiśniewski. A smallspider, it has a cephalothorax that is ranges from 1.1 to 1.4 mm long and an abdomen that is between 1.8 and 2.2 mm long. It is characterised by its covering in dense white hairs and its preference for living high in the tree canopy of tropical rainforests. The latter is the source of the species name, which means "soaring". The spider is generally black with white scales visible near its eyes and along the sides of its abdomen. The female is lighter than the male, with areas of brown visible on its abdomen. Its front pair of legs are stouter than the rest. Its copulatory organs are typical for the genus, but the female has a ridge in the middle of its epigyne that helps to distinguish it from other Pachyballus spiders.
| Pachyballus caelestis | |
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Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Araneae |
| Infraorder: | Araneomorphae |
| Family: | Salticidae |
| Subfamily: | Salticinae |
| Genus: | Pachyballus |
| Species: | P. caelestis
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| Binomial name | |
| Pachyballus caelestis Wesołowska, Azarkina & Wiśniewski, 2020
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Taxonomy and etymology
editPachyballus caelestis is a species of jumping spider, a member of the family Salticidae, that was first described by the arachnologists Wanda Wesołowska, Galina Azarkina and Konrad Wiśniewski in 2020.[1] It is one of over 500 different species identified by Wesołowska in her career.[2] It has a species name that is a Latin word that can be translated "soaring" and relates to the way that the species prefers to live in the high reaches of the canopy.[3] They allocated the spider to the genus Pachyballus, first circumscribed in 1900 by Eugène Simon.[4]
When he first established the genus, Simon assigned Pachyballus to the Balleae group alongside the related genus Peplometus.[4] In their 2003 phylogenetic analysis, Wayne Maddison and Marshall Hedin noted that the genus is closely related to Mantisatta, despite the large physiological differences between them, and the similarity of those spiders with a group of genera they termed Marpissoida.[5] In 2004, Suresh Benjamin tentatively included in the genus, along with Ballus, in his subfamily Ballinae.[6] In 2007, Wesołowska and Antonius van Harten noted the similarity of the genus with Planiemen.[7] In 2015, Maddison listed the genus within the tribe Ballini, derived from Simon's original name, but attributed to an earlier author, Nathan Banks from 1892.[8] He allocated the tribe to the clade Marpissoida in the clade Salticoida.[9] It is likely that the ballines diverged from the wider Marpissoida clade between 20 and 25 million years ago, although Daniela Andriamalala estimated the family to be 3.99 million years old.[10] In 2016, Jerzy Prószyński added the genus to a group of genera termed Ballines, which contains many of the same genera, including Ballus, Peplometus and Planiemen.[11]
Description
editPachyballus caelestis is a wide-bodied spider that resembles a beetle.[8] It is small and very flat with a strongly pitted exterior that shows signs of sclerotization. The spider's body is divided into two main parts: a cephalothorax and an abdomen. The male has a cephalothorax that measures typically 1.4 mm (0.06 in) in length and 1.5 mm (0.06 in) in width. The carapace, the hard upper part of the cephalothorax, is black with a covering of dense short white hairs. The eye field is shaped like a trapezium and there are white scales around the spider's eyes. Its face, or clypeus, is low with a scattering of white hairs visible. It mouthparts are light brown, with white tips at the ends of the labium and maxillae. The spider's chelicerae have two teeth at the front and a four teeth at the back.[3]
The spider's abdomen is larger than the cephalothorax, measuring 1.8 mm (0.07 in) long and 2 mm (0.08 in) wide. It is heart-shaped and blackish on top with white scales on its sides and rear. The front of the abdomen overlaps the rear of the carapace. The underside is brown. The spider has black spinnerets. The front pair of legs is stout, brown and black. The second pair is thinner but similar in coloration while the remainder of the legs are brown and yellow. The pedipalps, sensory organs near the mouth, are yellowish.[3] The spider's copulatory organs are typical for the genus and include a rounded cymbium that partially encloses a smaller bulbous palpal bulb. The bulb has a thin embolus extending from its top that wraps itself in four tight coils before projecting away from the bulb. The small palpal tibia has a single small curved spike, or tibial apophysis, projecting upwards.[12]
The female is slightly larger than the male. It has a cephalothorax that measures between 1.1 and 1.2 mm (0.043 and 0.047 in) in length and between 1.3 and 1.4 mm (0.051 and 0.055 in) in width. Its carapace is similarly shaped to the male and again covered in white hairs. The spider's abdomen is between 2 and 2.2 mm (0.087 in) in length and between 2.2 and 2.4 mm (0.094 in) in width. It is lighter than the male, with more brown evident across its surface although the middle of the top and the sides are still black. It has light brown pedipalps. The spider's epigyne, or externally visible copulatory organ, is oval with a depression in the middle that is split into two by a short wide ridge. The two copulatory openings lead to wide ducts and relatively small receptacles, or spermathecae. There are accessory glands that open into the ducts.[13]
It is the hairy nature of the spider that most clearly differentiates it from others in the genus. Although the looped embolus is unusual, other Pachyballus spiders have similar shapes so distinguishing the species from others in the genus is difficult. The female has a distinctive ridge in the middle of the epigyne and straight copulatory ducts which aids recognition.[3]
Distribution and habitat
editPachyballus spiders generally live in Africa and have also been found in Yemen.[14] Pachyballus caelestis is endemic to Democratic Republic of the Congo.[1] The holotype was found in Luki Forest Reserve in 2007.[3] Unlike other spiders in the genus, it seems to have a relatively narrow species distribution.[15] The spider lives high in the forest canopy of tropical rainforests.[3]
References
editCitations
edit- ^ a b World Spider Catalog (2021). "Pachyballus caelestis Wesołowska, Azarkina & Wiśniewski, 2020". World Spider Catalog. 24.5. Bern: Natural History Museum. Retrieved 12 April 2021.
- ^ Wiśniewski 2020, p. 6.
- ^ a b c d e f Wesołowska, Azarkina & Wiśniewski 2020, p. 53.
- ^ a b Wesołowska, Azarkina & Wiśniewski 2020, p. 48.
- ^ Maddison & Hedin 2003, p. 539.
- ^ Benjamin 2004, p. 11.
- ^ Wesołowska & van Harten 2007, p. 244.
- ^ a b Maddison 2015, p. 244.
- ^ Maddison 2015, p. 277.
- ^ Bodner & Maddison 2012, p. 226.
- ^ Prószyński 2017, p. 88.
- ^ Wesołowska, Azarkina & Wiśniewski 2020, p. 55.
- ^ Wesołowska, Azarkina & Wiśniewski 2020, p. 54.
- ^ Wesołowska & van Harten 1994, p. 83.
- ^ Wesołowska, Azarkina & Wiśniewski 2020, p. 95.
Bibliography
edit- Benjamin, Suresh P. (2004). "Taxonomic revision and phylogenetic hypothesis for the jumping spider subfamily Ballinae (Araneae, Salticidae)". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 142 (1): 1–82. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2004.00123.x.
- Bodner, Melissa R.; Maddison, Wayne P. (2012). "The biogeography and age of salticid spider radiations (Araneae: Salticidae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 65 (1): 213–240. Bibcode:2016MolPE..65..213B. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2016.06.005. PMID 22735169.
- Maddison, Wayne P. (2015). "A phylogenetic classification of jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae)". The Journal of Arachnology. 43 (3): 231–292. doi:10.1636/arac-43-03-231-292. S2CID 85680279.
- Maddison, Wayne P.; Hedin, Marshal C. (2003). "Jumping spider phylogeny (Araneae: Salticidae)". Invertebrate Systematics. 17 (4): 529–549. doi:10.1071/IS02044.
- Prószyński, Jerzy (2017). "Pragmatic classification of the world's Salticidae (Araneae)". Ecologica Montenegrina. 12: 1–133. doi:10.37828/em.2017.12.1.
- Wesołowska, Wanda; Azarkina, Galina N.; Wiśniewski, Konrad (2020). "A revision of Pachyballus Simon, 1900 and Peplometus Simon, 1900 (Araneae, Salticidae, Ballini) with descriptions of new species". ZooKeys (944): 47–98. Bibcode:2020ZooK..944...47W. doi:10.3897/zookeys.944.49921. PMC 7340629. PMID 32684773.
- Wesołowska, Wanda; van Harten, Antonius (1994). The jumping spiders (Salticidae, Araneae) of Yemen. Sana'a: Yemeni-German Plant Protection Project.
- Wesołowska, Wanda; van Harten, Antonius (2007). "Additions to the knowledge of jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae) of Yemen". Fauna of Arabia. 23: 189–269.
- Wiśniewski, Konrad (2020). "Over 40 years with jumping spiders: on the 70th birthday of Wanda Wesołowska". Zootaxa. 4899 (1): 5–14. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4899.1.3. PMID 33756825. S2CID 232337200.