Packaged metering manholes (PMMs) are an outgrowth of the fiberglass manholes developed in the 1960s. Packaged metering manhole factories integrate a primary device (typically a flume[1] or weir[2]) into a fiberglass manhole.
The result is a lightweight, single-piece (generally), corrosion resistant structure from which an operator can measure piped flows, take composite samples, and perform water quality parameter monitoring.[3][4][5]
Benefits
editManufacturers of packaged metering manholes cite the following benefits:[6][7][8][9]
- Wide choice of primary device types and sizes
- Watertight (eliminating infiltration into the manhole)
- Factory integration of the primary device
- Corrosion resistance
- Lightweight construction (resulting in reduced installation labor and equipment costs)
- Reduced inspection, maintenance, and rehabilitation costs
- Single source responsibility
Limitations
editThe nature of the construction of packaged metering manholes brings a number of limitations not commonly found with pre-cast concrete structures.[10][11][12] These include:
- Higher initial cost
- Need for a pre-cast concrete base (for buoyancy)
- Lack of installer familiarity
- Lower sustainable operating temperatures
Components
edit
At its simplest, a packaged metering manhole consists of:
- Fiberglass manhole barrel
- Top
- Primary device
- Integral base
Manhole barrel
editThe fiberglass barrels used in the production of packaged metering manholes are, almost exclusively in North America, required to meet the standards set for in ASTM D 3753: Standard Specification for Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Polyester Manholes and Wetwells.[13] The standard defines minimum performance criteria, quality control, chemical resistance, and materials of construction.
Typical manhole barrel thickness is 3⁄8–1⁄2 inch (10–13 mm) thick. Thickness is assumed to be solid barrels only (not including any exterior ribbing). For manhole barrels with ribbing laminated to the exterior of the barrel, the barrel thickness is allowed to be thinner than otherwise would be allowed under ASTM D 3753. The typical breakpoint between solid and ribbed barrels occurs at the 72 inches (2 m) diameter.[13] Barrels with a diameter less than this usually have solid walls, and those with a greater diameter have exterior ribbing.
Top
edit
Since their introduction, a variety of different top styles have been developed for packaged metering manholes.[14] The most common of these are:
- Domed fiberglass (for grassed areas with no foot or vehicle traffic)
- Pedestrian hatches (for pedestrian foot traffic)
- Traffic reducers (for parking lots, roads, etc.)
In addition to these more common styles, a variety of custom tops have been developed by various manufacturers, including open tops, grating platforms, split tops, and restricted access covers.
Primary device
editWhen used to measure open channel flows, packaged metering manholes most commonly integrate a flume or weir (flumes being most common due to their ability to pass solids, low head loss, and wide operating ranges). Parshall flumes are most commonly integrated, followed by Palmer-Bowlus flumes, although Cutthroat, Montana, Trapezoidal, and H Type flumes can also be integrated. Weirs are less commonly integrated due to their poor solids handling characteristics as well as the inability to develop a sufficiently large upstream weir pool.
For piped flow applications, several manufacturers offer magnetic flow meters factory integrated into a packaged metering manhole structure.[15]
Base
editIn order to form a watertight unit, a packaged metering manhole is provided with a solid fiberglass base at the bottom of the manhole barrel. The base can serve not only as the bottom of the manhole, but also as a means of anchoring the manhole to a concrete slab (required to counteract the buoyant forces on the manhole).
Cost
editFor primary devices where the device (and proper transitions) can be molded into the manhole barrel, the unit cost of a precast manhole is lower than that of a packaged metering manhole (although they lack the corrosion resistance and factory water-tightness of a packaged metering manhole).
Larger primary devices (and transitions) that do not readily fit into a standard 4 ft (1.2 m) precast manhole barrel, either a larger barrel or a concrete vault must be used which adds cost. Packaged metering manholes, on the other hand, can integrate primary devices that are larger than the manhole barrel – with any portion that doesn't fit inside the manhole barrel extending upstream or downstream as necessary. Those portion that extend upstream / downstream of the barrel are manufactured with integral covers and laminated into the manhole structure. It is this ability to incorporate primary devices larger than the manhole barrel allows packaged metering manholes to be equally if not less expensive than a precast manhole or vault.
Packaged metering manholes can run from $5,195 to $29,100 (2016 USD), with the industry standard 4 foot diameter, 7 foot deep, domed top packaged metering manhole deep integrating a 3-inch Parshall flume having a cost of $10,565 (2016 USD).
Manufacturers
editPackaged metering manholes are most prevalent in the United States (with occasional installations in Canada and Mexico). As such, the majority of manufacturers are located there. While there are a number of resellers (manufacturer's representatives, supply companies, etc.), there are several primary manufacturers of packaged metering manholes in North America.[16] These are OpenChannelFlow, Plasti-Fab, Inc., Tracom, and Warminster Fiberglass, Inc.
Internationally, Armatech Environmental, located in New Zealand, also manufactures packaged metering manholes for Oceania. The primary limitation to the wider distribution and use of packaged metering manholes is the high cost (relative to the product cost) of shipping the units overseas.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "Flume Manholes". Open Channel Flow. Retrieved 25 July 2019.
- ^ "Weir Manholes". Open Channel Flow. Retrieved 25 July 2019.
- ^ "Fiberglass Packaged Metering Manholes". Open Channel Flow. Retrieved 25 July 2019.
- ^ Brown, Ryland (28 May 2003). "Use of Packaged Monitoring Stations for Industrial Pretreatment Compliance" (PDF). Pollution Prevention Services InfoHouse. Johnston, Inc. Retrieved 25 July 2019.
- ^ "Water Pollution Monitoring Requirements". City of Defiance. 2012. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 25 July 2019.
- ^ "Benefits of Packaged Metering Manholes – Operators". Open Channel Flow. Retrieved 25 July 2019.
- ^ "Benefits of Packaged Metering Manholes to Consulting Engineers". Open Channel Flow. Retrieved 25 July 2019.
- ^ "Fiberglass Manholes". Containment Solutions, Inc. Archived from the original on 3 September 2017. Retrieved 25 July 2019.
- ^ "Fiberglass Versus Precast Manholes". Open Channel Flow. Retrieved 25 July 2019.
- ^ "Precast Concrete Manholes" (PDF). Wisconsin Precast Concrete Association. 14 February 2006. Retrieved 25 July 2019.
- ^ "Sustainable Stormwater Solutions" (PDF). National Precast Concrete Association. 18 April 2012. Retrieved 25 July 2019.
- ^ "Why Precast Manholes?" (PDF). Sherman-Dixie. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 January 2015. Retrieved 25 July 2019.
- ^ a b "ASTM D 3753: Standard Specification for Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Polyester Manholes and Wetwells".
- ^ "Fiberglass Manhole Top Styles". Open Channel Flow. Retrieved 25 July 2019.
- ^ "Magnetic Flow Meter Manholes". Open Channel Flow. Retrieved 25 July 2019.
- ^ "Flume Suppliers". U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. Archived from the original on 18 June 2015. Retrieved 25 July 2019.
External links
edit- Image gallery at OpenChannelFlow
- Typical municipal bid specification by Stark County, Ohio (archived January 2015)
- Standard Metering Manhole Requirements at Butler County, OH Water & Sewer Department