The Palace of the Grand Master of the Knights of Rhodes, also known as the Kastello (Greek: Καστέλο, from Italian: Castello, "castle"), is a medieval castle in the city of Rhodes, on the island of Rhodes in Greece. It is one of the few examples of Gothic architecture in Greece. The site was previously a citadel of the Knights Hospitaller that functioned as a palace, headquarters, and fortress.
| Palace of the Grand Master | |
|---|---|
Παλάτι του Μεγάλου Μαγίστρου | |
| Part of the fortifications of Rhodes | |
| Rhodes, Greece | |
 View of the castle | |
| Coordinates | 36°26′44.5″N 28°13′26.8″E / 36.445694°N 28.224111°E |
| Type | Castle |
| Site information | |
| Owner | Government of Greece[1] |
| Open to the public | Yes |
| Condition | Intact |
| Site history | |
| Built | 7th century (citadel) 14th century (palace) 1937–1940 (restoration works) |
| Built by | Byzantine Empire Knights Hospitaller Kingdom of Italy (restoration works) |
| Architect | Vittorio Mesturino (20C reconstruction) |
| Battles/wars | Siege of Rhodes (1480) Siege of Rhodes (1522) |
| Events | 1481 Rhodes earthquake |
| Type | Cultural |
| Criteria | ii, iv, v |
| Designated | 1988 (12th session) |
| Part of | Medieval old town of Rhodes |
| Reference no. | 493 |
| Region | Europe and North America |
History
editAccording to recent study, in the exact spot in which the palace exists today, there was the foundations of the ancient temple of the sun god Helios, and probably that was the spot where the Colossus of Rhodes stood in the Antiquity.[2][3] The palace was originally built in the late 7th century as a Byzantine citadel. After the Knights Hospitaller occupied Rhodes and some other Greek islands (such as Kalymnos and Kastellorizo) in 1309, they converted the fortress into their administrative centre and the palace of their Grand Master. In the first quarter of the 14th century, they repaired the palace and made a number of major modifications.[4] The palace was damaged in the earthquake of 1481, and it was repaired soon afterwards.
After the 1522 capture of the island by the Ottoman Empire, the palace was used as a command centre and fortress.
In 1856, a gunpowder magazine under the nearby Church of Saint John – possibly stored there since the siege of 1522[5][6] – was struck by lightning, causing a massive explosion that killed many people, destroyed the church, and destroyed much of the Grand Master's Palace.[7][5][8][6] Most of the upper floors collapsed, while the ground floor rooms survived.[7]
During the Italian rule of Rhodes, the Ottoman-era structures of the former palace were demolished and the authorities asked architect Vittorio Mesturino, a recognized expert of medieval architecture and historical preservation, to design the reconstruction of the palace as well as in the nearby Street of the Knights of Rhodes. Despite the lack of remains or documentation from the pre-Ottoman era, Mesturino opted to recreate a structure that also suited the Italian authorities' need for a functional government building that would benefit from the aura of the Hospitaller legacy.[9]: 45–49 The construction works took place between 1937 and 1940.[10] Mesturino's work has been criticized for shortcomings such as its inherent lack of historical accuracy and unnecessary alterations to the authentic remains of the castle,[11][12][13] being even characterized by one scholar as "horrendous fascist taste".[14] The castle became a holiday residence for the King of Italy, Victor Emmanuel III, and later for Fascist dictator Benito Mussolini, whose name can still be seen on a large plaque near the entrance.
On 10 February 1947, the Treaty of Peace with Italy, one of the Paris Peace Treaties, determined that the recently established Italian Republic would transfer the Dodecanese Islands to Greece. In 1948, Rhodes and the rest of the Dodecanese were transferred as previously agreed. The palace was then converted to a museum, and is today visited by the millions of tourists that visit Rhodes.[15]
In 1988, when Greece held the rotating presidency of the European Economic Community (as the European Union was then known), Greek Prime Minister Andreas Papandreou and the other leaders of the EEC held a meeting in the Palace.[15]
Gallery
editThis section contains an unencyclopedic or excessive gallery of images. |
-
The palace in 1844 -
The castle overlooking the medieval town -
The main entrance -
Chimneys -
Detail -
Close view -
Door -
Courtyard -
Arcades at the courtyard -
Sculpture of Virgin Mary -
View from the interior -
Gothic portal -
Main hall -
Medusa mosaic (2nd century BC) from Kos -
Mosaic with Thalia (Muse) from Kos -
Mosaic with Polyhymnia from Kos -
Byzantine mosaic from Kos (450-500) -
Byzantine mosaic from Kos -
Laocoön and His Sons, modern copy -
Portrait of Philibert de Naillac, Grand Master (1396-1421) -
Uniform of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta
See also
editReferences
edit
- ^ "Grand Master Palace". greeka.com. Retrieved 17 July 2015.
- ^ Manoussou-Dellas, K. (2014). The city of Rhodes in medieval times: the transformation of the fortifications from late antiquity to the fortified city (7th century -1480) (In Greek). National Technical University of Athens.
- ^ Higgins, Michael D. (2023). The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World: Science, engineering, and technology. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-1976-4815-5.
- ^ "Palace of the Grand Master of Rhodes". Helios. Archived from the original on 6 April 2016. Retrieved 17 July 2015.
- ^ a b Davis, Paul K. (2003). Besieged: 100 Great Sieges from Jericho to Sarajevo. Oxford University Press. p. 96. ISBN 978-0-19-521930-2.
- ^ a b Barnes, John R. (2018). "Gunpowder and the Explosion in 1856 of the former Church of St. John in the Medieval Town of Rhodes". Paper Presented at the International Scientific Congress on Fortifications of the Ottoman Period in the Aegean.
- ^ a b Nossov, Konstantin (2012-06-20). The Fortress of Rhodes 1309–1522. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-78200-003-7.
- ^ Wisner, Ben; Gaillard, J. C.; Kelman, Ilan (2012). Handbook of Hazards and Disaster Risk Reduction. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-91868-1.
- ^ Manuela Mattone (2005), Vittorio Mesturino: Architetto e restauratore, Florence: Alinea
- ^ "Palace of the Grand Master of the Knights of Rhodes". Fodor's Travel. Retrieved 17 July 2015.
- ^ Nossov, Konstantin (2012-06-20). The Fortress of Rhodes 1309–1522. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-78200-003-7.
- ^ "The Knights' Grand Master Palace". Rhodos island Greece. 2021-03-09. Retrieved 2023-07-24.
- ^ "Bastion of the Grand Master's Palace in Rhodes". European Heritage Awards / Europa Nostra Awards. Retrieved 2023-07-24.
- ^ Mallia-Milanes, Victor (2017). The Military Orders Volume III: History and Heritage. Routledge. pp. 4–5. ISBN 978-1-351-54253-1.
- ^ a b "Museums". Municipality of Rhodes. Archived from the original on 21 July 2015. Retrieved 17 July 2015.