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Paleobiota of the Kristianstad Basin

The Kristianstad Basin is a Cretaceous-age structural basin and geological formation in northeastern Skåne, the southernmost province of Sweden. The sediments in the basin preserves a wide assortment of taxa represented in its fossil record, including the only non-avian dinosaur fossils in Sweden and one of the world's most diverse mosasaur faunas.

Belemnites, such as Belemnellocamax mammillatus (pictured), are common fossil finds in the Kristianstad Basin
Teeth of the medium-sized plesiosaur Scanisaurus sp.
Tooth of the Kristianstad Basin's top predator, the giant mosasaur Tylosaurus ivoensis

Though a majority of the taxa listed below lived during the latest early Campanian (c.  80.5 million years ago; fossils from the site Ivö Klack alone from this time compromise about 40 vertebrate species and more than 200 invertebrate species),[1] the Kristianstad Basin preserves fossils ranging in age from the early Santonian (c.  86.3 million years ago) to the early Maastrichtian (c.  72.1 million years ago); some of the animals in the list were not contemporaries, but separated from each other in time by several million years. The time spans from which fossils have been recovered is included for each species in the list.

Bony fish

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Ray-finned fish

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Ray-finned fishes reported from the Kristianstad Basin
Genus Species Sites Age Material Notes Ref Images
Anomoeodus A. subclavatus Ivö Klack, Ignaberga, Åsen Latest Early Campanian – early Late Campanian Dentitions and isolated teeth A pycnodontid fish [2]
 
Enchodus
 
An ichthyodectid fish (Gillicus)
 
Pachyrhizodus
 
Protosphyraena
A. sp. Balsvik, Ullstorp Latest Early Campanian – early Late Campanian Two isolated teeth A pycnodontid fish [3]
Enchodus E. cf. gladiolus Site not reported Uncertain A single isolated palatine tooth An aulopiform fish [4]
E. sp. Åsen Latest Early Campanian Dental remnants An aulopiform fish, Enchodus-like dental remnants are abundant at Åsen and show considerable morphological variety. [5]
cf. E. sp. Balsvik Uncertain A single isolated palatine tooth An aulopiform fish, morphology of this tooth is distinct from the tooth attributed to E. gladiolus. [5]
Ichthyodectidae indet. – Åsen Latest Early Campanian – early Late Campanian Two isolated teeth and a single isolated scale An ichthyodectid fish, similar to Gillicus. [6]
Lepisosteidae indet. – Åsen Latest Early Campanian A single isolated scale A gar [7]
Pachyrhizodus cf. P. sp. Åsen Latest Early Campanian – early Late Campanian Four isolated teeth An elopiform fish [4]
Protosphyraena P. sp. Ivö Klack, Åsen, Ullstorp Earliest Campanian – latest Early Campanian Six isolated teeth A pachycormid fish. The teeth of Protosphyraena are much larger than those of the other fish in the basin and were once mistakenly referred to theropod dinosaurs. [8][3]
Pycnodontidae indet. – Åsen, Ullstorp Latest Early Campanian Two isolated teeth A pycnodontid fish [3]
Teleostei indet. – Åsen Latest Early Campanian Two isolated teeth A teleost fish, teeth similar to those attributed to Pachyrhizodus, but lack key diagnostic features. [5]

Cartilaginous fish

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Sharks

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Sharks reported from the Kristianstad Basin
Genus Species Sites Age Material Notes Ref Images
Acanthoscyllium A. sp. Balsvik, Bjärlången, Ballingslöv Late Campanian Isolated teeth A hemiscylliid shark [9]
 
Carcharias
 
Centroscymnus
 
Chiloscyllium
 
Cretoxyrhina
 
Galeorhinus
 
Hemiscyllium
 
Heterodontus
 
Hybodus
 
Ptychodus
 
Scapanorhynchus
 
Squalicorax
 
Squalus
 
Squatina
 
Scyliorhinus
Anomotodon A. hermani Ivö Klack, Ugnsmunnarna, Ignaberga, Åsen, Balsvik Latest Early Campanian – early Late Campanian Isolated teeth A mitsukurinid shark [10][11]
Archaeolamna A. kopingensis Ivö Klack, Ugnsmunnarna, Ignaberga, Åsen, Ballingslöv, Balsvik Latest Early Campanian – earliest Maastrichtian Isolated teeth A lamniform shark [10][12][9]
Carcharias C. aasenensis Ugnsmunnarna, Ignaberga, Åsen Latest Early Campanian Isolated teeth An odontaspidid lamniform shark, same genus as the modern sand tiger shark [10]
C. latus Ivö Klack, Ugnsmunnarna, Ignaberga, Maltesholm, Åsen Latest Early Campanian Isolated teeth An odontaspidid lamniform shark, same genus as the modern sand tiger shark [10]
C. tenuis Ivö Klack, Ugnsmunnarna, Ignaberga, Åsen Latest Early Campanian Isolated teeth An odontaspidid lamniform shark, same genus as the modern sand tiger shark [10]
C. sp. Balsvik, Bjärlången, Ballingslöv Late Campanian Isolated teeth An odontaspidid lamniform shark, same genus as the modern sand tiger shark [13]
Cederstroemia C. nilsi Åsen Latest Early Campanian Isolated teeth A wobbegong shark [10]
C. sp. Ullstorp Earliest Campanian Isolated teeth A wobbegong shark [8]
Centroscymnus C. schmidi Balsvik Late Campanian/Earliest Maastrichtian A single tooth from the lower jaw Centroscymnus in the Kristianstad Basin are from a younger (Maastrichtian) layer than the other sharks. The genus survives to the present day. [9][14]
Chiloscyllium C. gaemersi Ugnsmunnarna, Balsvik, Ballingslöv Latest Early Campanian – Late Campanian Isolated teeth A hemiscylliid shark, the genus survives to the present day [10][9]
C. sp. Ivö Klack, Ugnsmunnarna, Ignaberga, Maltesholm, Åsen Latest Early Campanian Isolated teeth A hemiscylliid shark, the genus survives to the present day [10]
Cretalamna C. appendiculata Ivö Klack, Ugnsmunnarna, Ignaberga, Maltesholm, Åsen Latest Early Campanian Isolated teeth An otodontid lamniform shark [10]
C. borealis Ugnsmunnarna, Ignaberga, Ivö Klack, Åsen, Hanaskog Latest Early Campanian – early Late Campanian Isolated teeth An otodontid lamniform shark [15]
C. sacroportheta Ugnsmunnarna, Ignaberga, Ivö Klack, Åsen, Maltesholm Latest Early Campanian Isolated teeth An otodontid lamniform shark [16]
Cretodus C. borodini Ignaberga, Åsen Latest Early Campanian Isolated teeth A cretoxyrhinid lamniform shark [10]
Cretorectolobus C. sp. Ignaberga, Åsen Latest Early Campanian Isolated teeth A carpet shark [10]
Cretoxyrhina C. mantelli Ivö Klack, Ignaberga, Ullstorp, Balsvik Earliest Campanian – early Late Campanian Isolated teeth A large cretoxyrhinid lamniform shark [17][10]
Eoetmopterus E. supracretaceus Balsvik Late Campanian Isolated teeth A squaliform shark [9]
Galeorhinus G. sp. Ivö Klack, Ugnsmunnarna, Ignaberga Latest Early Campanian Isolated teeth A triakid shark, same genus as the modern school shark [10]
Hemiscylliidae sp. – Ignaberga Latest Early Campanian Isolated teeth A hemiscylliid shark [10]
Hemiscyllium H. hermani Ugnsmunnarna, Ignaberga, Åsen, Balsvik, Ballingslöv Latest Early Campanian – Late Campanian Isolated teeth A hemiscylliid shark, the genus survives to the present day [10][9]
Heterodontus H. aff. rugosus Ignaberga, Maltesholm, Balsvik Latest Early Campanian – early Late Campanian Isolated teeth A heterodontiform shark, same genus as the modern bullhead shark [18]
H. sp. 1 Ivö Klack, Ugnsmunnarna, Ignaberga, Maltesholm, Åsen Latest Early Campanian Isolated teeth A heterodontiform shark, same genus as the modern bullhead shark [10]
H. sp. 2 Ivö Klack, Ignaberga, Åsen Latest Early Campanian Isolated teeth A heterodontiform shark, same genus as the modern bullhead shark [10]
Hybodus H. sp. Ivö Klack, Ignaberga, Åsen Latest Early Campanian A fragmentary fin spine and isolated teeth A hybodontiform shark [10][19]
Meristodon M. sp. Ullstorp Earliest Campanian Isolated teeth A hybodontiform shark [8]
Palaeogaleus P. sp. Ugnsmunnarna, Åsen Latest Early Campanian Isolated teeth A triakid shark [10]
Paranomotodon P. sp. Ivö Klack, Ugnsmunnarna, Ignaberga, Åsen Latest Early Campanian Isolated teeth A lamniform shark [10]
Paraorthacodus P. andersoni Ivö Klack, Ignaberga, Åsen, Balsvik Latest Early Campanian – early Late Campanian Four isolated teeth A palaeospinacid shark [10][20][11]
P. conicus Ivö Klack, Ugnsmunnarna, Ignaberga, Åsen, Balsvik Latest Early Campanian – early Late Campanian Over a thousand isolated teeth A palaeospinacid shark [10][21][11]
P. n. sp. Balsvik Early Late Campanian Isolated teeth A palaeospinacid shark [11]
Pararhincodon P. spp. Ugnsmunnarna, Ignaberga, Maltesholm, Åsen, Balsvik, Bjärlången, Ballingslöv Latest Early Campanian – Late Campanian Isolated teeth A parascylliid shark, probably several species [10][9]
Parasquatina P. sp. Balsvik Late Campanian Isolated teeth A synechodontiform shark [9]
Paratriakis P. sp. Ivö Klack, Ugnsmunnarna, Ignaberga, Maltesholm, Åsen, Ballingslöv Latest Early Campanian – Late Campanian Isolated teeth A triakid shark [10][9]
Polyacrodus P. siversoni Åsen Latest Early Campanian Isolated teeth A hybodontiform shark [10]
P. sp. Åsen, Ullstorp Earliest Campanian – latest Early Campanian Isolated teeth A hybodontiform shark [8][10]
Proetmopterus P. hemmooriensis Balsvik, Bjärlången, Ballingslöv Late Campanian Isolated teeth A squaliform shark [9]
Pseudocorax P. laevis Ignaberga, Åsen, Balsvik Latest Early Campanian – early Late Campanian Isolated teeth An anacoracid lamniform shark [10][11]
P. aff. affinis Ballingslöv Earliest Maastrichtian A single isolated tooth An anacoracid lamniform shark, in later (Maastrichtian) strata than the other sharks [12]
Pseudoscapanorhynchus P. sp. Balsvik Early Late Campanian Isolated teeth A mitsukurinid shark [11]
Ptychodus P. spp. Ignaberga Late Middle Santonian – earliest Campanian Isolated teeth A hybodontiform shark, found in earlier strata than most other sharks [8]
Scapanorhynchus S. perssoni Ivö Klack, Ugnsmunnarna, Åsen Latest Early Campanian Isolated teeth A mitsukurinid shark [10]
Scyliorhinidae sp. 1 – Åsen Latest Early Campanian Isolated teeth A catshark [10]
Scyliorhinidae sp. 2 – Ivö Klack Latest Early Campanian Isolated teeth A catshark [10]
Scyliorhinus S. germanicus Ivö Klack, Ugnsmunnarna, Ignaberga, Maltesholm, Åsen Latest Early Campanian Isolated teeth A catshark, the genus survives to the present day [10]
S. moosi Balsvik, Bjärslången, Ballingslöv Late Campanian Isolated teeth A catshark, the genus survives to the present day [13]
Serratolamna S. sp. Åsen Latest Early Campanian Isolated teeth A cretoxyrhinid lamniform shark [10]
Squalicorax S. lindstromi Ugnsmunnarna, Ignaberga, Ivö Klack, Åsen, Maltesholm, Hanaskog Latest Early Campanian – early Late Campanian Isolated teeth An anacoracid lamniform shark; teeth formerly assigned to S. kaupi [15]
Squalidae spp. – Ivö Klack, Ugnsmunnarna, Ignaberga, Maltesholm, Åsen Latest Early Campanian Isolated teeth A squalid shark, probably several species [10]
Squalus S. ballingsloevensis Ballingslöv, Bjärlången Late Campanian – earliest Maastrichtian More than a hundred isolated teeth Squalus in the Kristianstad Basin are from a younger (Maastrichtian) layer than the other sharks. Same genus as modern spurdogs. The Ballingslöv site is not part of the Kristianstad Basin proper, representing a northwestern isolated outcrop. [9][22][10]
S. balsvikensis Balsvik, Bjärlången, Ballingslöv Late Campanian – earliest Maastrichtian Several hundred isolated teeth Squalus in the Kristianstad Basin are from a younger (Maastrichtian) layer than the other sharks. Same genus as modern spurdogs. [9][22]
Squatina S. fortemordeo Åsen Latest Early Campanian Isolated teeth An angelshark, the genus survives to the present day [23]
S. lundegreni Åsen Latest Early Campanian Isolated teeth An angelshark, the genus survives to the present day [23]
S. sp. Ullstorp, Maltesholm, Bjärlången, Ballingslöv Earliest Campanian – Late Campanian Isolated teeth An angelshark, the genus survives to the present day [24]
Squatirhina S. sp. Ivö Klack, Ugnsmunnarna, Ignaberga, Maltesholm, Åsen Latest Early Campanian Isolated teeth A wobbegong shark [10]
Synechodus S. lerichei Ugnsmunnarna, Ignaberga Latest Early Campanian Isolated teeth A palaeospinacid shark [25]
S. filipi Ugnsmunnarna, Ignaberga, Åsen Latest Early Campanian Isolated teeth A palaeospinacid shark [16]
S. perssoni Ugnsmunnarna, Ignaberga Latest Early Campanian Isolated teeth A palaeospinacid shark [26]
S. sp. 1 Ivö Klack, Ugnsmunnarna, Ignaberga, Åsen, Balsvik Latest Early Campanian – Late Campanian Isolated teeth A palaeospinacid shark [10][9]
S. sp. 2 Ivö Klack, Ugnsmunnarna, Ignaberga, Maltesholm, Åsen, Balsvik Latest Early Campanian – Late Campanian Isolated teeth A palaeospinacid shark [10][9]

Holocephali

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Holocephali reported from the Kristianstad Basin
Genus Species Sites Age Material Notes Ref Images
Amylodon A. sp. Åsen Latest Early Campanian Dental remnants A chimaeriform fish [27]
 
A chimaeriform fish (Chimaera, a relative of the four genera discovered in the Kristianstad Basin)
Edaphodon E. sp. Åsen Latest Early Campanian Dental remnants A chimaeriform fish [27]
Elasmodus E. sp. Åsen, Hanaskog Latest Early Campanian – early Late Campanian Dental remnants and a mandibular plate A chimaeriform fish [28]
Ischyodus I. bifurcatus Åsen Latest Early Campanian Dental remnants A chimaeriform fish [27]

Rays

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Rays reported from the Kristianstad Basin
Genus Species Sites Age Material Notes Ref Images
Raja R. sp. Balsvik, Bjärlången, Ballingslöv Earliest Maastrichtian Isolated teeth A rajiform ray. Raja in the Kristianstad Basin are from younger (Maastrichtian) strata than the other rays. The genus survives to the present day. [12]
 
Raja
 
Rhinobatos
Rhinobatidae sp. – Balsvik, Bjärlången, Ballingslöv Earliest Maastrichtian Isolated teeth A rhinobatid ray, Maastrichtian Rhinobatid ray fossils outnumber those of Raja at Bjärlången and Ballingslöv but are less common at Balsvik. [12]
Rhinobatoidea sp. 1 – Ignaberga Latest Early Campanian Isolated teeth A rhinobatoid ray [10]
Rhinobatoidea sp. 2 – Ugnsmunnarna, Åsen Latest Early Campanian Isolated teeth A rhinobatoid ray [10]
Rhinobatos R. casieri Åsen Latest Early Campanian Isolated teeth A rhinobatid ray, the genus survives to the present day [10]
R. sp. 1 Åsen Latest Early Campanian Isolated teeth A rhinobatid ray, the genus survives to the present day [10]
R. sp. 2 Åsen Latest Early Campanian Isolated teeth A rhinobatid ray, the genus survives to the present day [10]
R. sp. 3 Ivö Klack, Ignaberga, Åsen Latest Early Campanian Isolated teeth A rhinobatid ray, the genus survives to the present day [10]
Sclerorhynchidae indet. – Ullstorp Earliest Campanian Isolated teeth A sclerorhynchid ray, fossils as of yet unpublished [8]
Walteraja W. exigua Balsvik Late Campanian Isolated teeth A rajiform ray [9]

Crocodylomorphs

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In addition to the remains referred to Aigialosuchus, detached and unidentified crocodylomorph scutes have also been discovered in Campanian-age deposits at Ivö Klack.[29]

Crocodylomorphs reported from the Kristianstad Basin
Genus Species Sites Age Material Notes Ref Images
Aigialosuchus A. villandensis Ivö Klack, Ullstorp Earliest Campanian – latest Early Campanian Anterior parts of the skull and partial mandible A marine dyrosaurid crocodylomorph and the only crocodylomorph known from the Kristianstad Basin. Likely durophagous (eating hard-shelled organisms). Its skull was similar to that of modern gharials. [8][30][31]
 
Dyrosaurus, a relative of Aigialosuchus

Dinosaurs

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Non-avian dinosaurs

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Non-avian dinosaurs reported from the Kristianstad Basin
Group Sites Age Material Notes Ref Images
Leptoceratopsidae indet.
("Kristianasaura") 		Åsen, Ullstorp Earliest Campanian – latest Early Campanian Four maxillary teeth, a dentary tooth, two caudal vertebrae, one right manual phalanx Morphology of the teeth recovered corresponds roughly to Leptoceratops. Given that the teeth lack some of the ridges present in the teeth of Leptoceratops, and because of geographical distance, the Åsen leptoceratopsid is likely a new taxon. [32][33]
 
A leptoceratopsid dinosaur (Leptoceratops)
 
A theropod dinosaur (Australovenator)
Ornithopoda indet. 1 Åsen Latest Early Campanian A left pedal phalanx A small ornithopod dinosaur. The recovered phalanx resembles the same bone in Thescelosaurus assiniboiensis. [34]
Ornithopoda indet. 2 Åsen Latest Early Campanian A left pedal phalanx A small ornithopod dinosaur. The recovered phalanx resembles the same bone in Hypsilophodon foxii. [35]
Theropoda indet. Ugnsmunnarna Latest Early Campanian An incomplete right tibia Identified as the remains of a small theropod dinosaur after comparisons with the same bone in the Australian genus Australovenator. The bone structure confidently identifies the fossil as that of a non-avian theropod dinosaur. [36][37]

Birds

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In addition to the fossils described below, indeterminate hesperornithiform remains have also been recovered from Åsen.[38]

Birds reported from the Kristianstad Basin
Genus Species Sites Age Material Notes Ref Images
Baptornis B. sp. Ivö Klack Latest Early Campanian A dorsal vertebra and a tarsometatarsus A hesperornithiform bird, specimens previously referred to "Parascaniornis stensioi" [39]
 
Hesperornis
Hesperornis H. rossicus Ivö Klack Latest Early Campanian Two tarsometatarsi A hesperornithiform bird [40]
H. sp. Ivö Klack Latest Early Campanian A dorsal vertebra A hesperornithiform bird, the vertebra recovered is less slender than the one in H. rossicus [41]

Mosasaurs

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Mosasaurs reported from the Kristianstad Basin
Genus Species Sites Age Material Notes Ref Images
Clidastes C. propython Ivö Klack, Ugnsmunnarna, Ignaberga, Åsen, Axeltorp Latest Early Campanian – early Late Campanian Isolated (probably shed) tooth crowns, vertebrae Most of the Clidastes fossils in the Kristianstad Basin are probably from juveniles measuring about 2–3 meters in length, with a few adult individuals at probably around 6 meters. [10][42][43][11]
 
Clidastes
 
Hainosaurus
 
Mosasaurus
 
Platecarpus
 
Prognathodon
 
Tylosaurus
Eonatator E. sternbergi Ivö Klack, Ignaberga, Åsen Latest Early Campanian – early Late Campanian Isolated (probably shed) teeth, marginal tooth crowns, vertebrae, a premaxilla and a pterygoid Eonatator teeth are relatively common in the Kristianstad Basin, indicating that there were a relatively large number of individuals present. [10][44][11]
Hainosaurus H. sp. Ivö Klack, Ugnsmunnarna, Maltesholm, Åsen Latest Early Campanian Isolated marginal teeth A large tylosaurine mosasaur. Hainosaurus is frequently treated as synonymous with Tylosaurus. [10][44]
Mosasaurus M. aff. lemonnieri Åhus Latest Campanian/earliest Maastrichtian A single isolated tooth crown (probably shed) Known from a single tooth, Mosasaurus in the Kristianstad Basin is from a younger (Late Campanian/Maastrichtian) layer than the other mosasaurs. Similar in body size (and likely ecological niche) to the earlier Tylosaurus ivoensis. [45][46]
Platecarpus P. sp. Ivö Klack, Åsen, Ullstorp Earliest Campanian – latest Early Campanian Several detached tooth crowns, fragments of a jawbone Previously referred to Platecarpus somenensis. The material referred to Platecarpus might be non-diagnostic. [8][10][44][47]
Plioplatecarpus P. cf. primaevus Balsvik Late Campanian/earliest Maastrichtian A partial right quadrate The overall morphology of the quadrate bone is consistent with Plioplatecarpus and in particular with P. primaevus, a species otherwise only found in North America. The quadrate is from a younger (Maastrichtian) layer than the other mosasaurs. [9][48]
Prognathodon P. sp. Ivö Klack, Åsen Latest Early Campanian Isolated teeth, fragments of a jawbone, vertebrae A mosasaur at about 8 meters in length with relatively wide and deep jaws. Bite marks matching Prognathodon teeth have been found on plesiosaur bones in the Kristianstad Basin. Frequently treated and listed under the name "Dollosaurus" or "Prognathodon (Dollosaurus)"; Dollosaurus being a junior synonym of Prognathodon. [10][42][49]
Tylosaurus T. ivoensis Ivö Klack, Ugnsmunnarna, Ignaberga, Åsen, Axeltorp, Balsberg Latest Early Campanian – early Late Campanian Several marginal teeth, pterygoid teeth, partial jawbones and several vertebrae Previously referred to Mosasaurus and Hainosaurus. The largest mosasaur in the basin and "undoubtedly" its top predator, the lower jaw of Tylosaurus ivoensis is estimated to have been over 1.5 meters in length. [50][10][44][51][11]

Plesiosaurs

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The last comprehensive review of the plesiosaur fauna in the Kristianstad Basin was done by paleontologist Per-Ove Persson in the 1960s and his taxonomy is still used with caution, pending a much-needed new review.[38]

Plesiosaurs reported from the Kristianstad Basin
Genus Species Sites Age Material Notes Ref Images
Elasmosaurus? E. cf. gigas Ignaberga Latest Early Campanian A single vertebral centrum from the thoracic-lumbar region A large elasmosaurid plesiosaur, the centrum is very poorly preserved [10][52]
 
Elasmosaurus
 
A polycotylid plesiosaur (Trinacromerum)
E. cf. helmersenii Ivö Klack Latest Early Campanian A single vertebral centrum from the cervical region A large elasmosaurid plesiosaur, the centrum is very well preserved [10][53]
Polycotylidae indet. – Ivö Klack Latest Early Campanian Four incomplete vertebrae Poorly preserved fossils, might be the same taxon as the other polycotylid [10][42][54]
Polycotylidae? indet. – Ivö Klack Latest Early Campanian Twelve detached teeth Poorly preserved fossils, might be the same taxon as the other polycotylid [10][55]
Scanisaurus S. cf. nazarowi Ivö Klack, Ignaberga, Maltesholm, Axeltorp, Kjuge Latest Early Campanian Vertebral centra, detached teeth, diaphysical ossifications of humeri and femora The most common plesiosaur in the Kristianstad Basin. Scanisaurus is no longer considered a valid taxon, but the name continues to be used for practical purposes. S. nazarowi is the type species of Scanisaurus and was previously referred to Cimoliasaurus. [10][56][57]
S. sp. Ignaberga, Åsen Latest Early Campanian – early Late Campanian A crushed skull, isolated teeth Fossils of this species include the only plesiosaurian skull (albeit crushed) known from Sweden. The preserved teeth are similar to those referred to Scanisaurus cf. nazarowi. [10][11][58]

Pterosaurs

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Possible pterosaur bone fragments have been recovered from earliest Campanian-age deposits at Ullstorp, though they remain unpublished.[8]

Scincomorpha

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Fossils of terrestrial scincomorph lizards have been recovered in the Kristianstad Basin, but are as of yet unpublished.[59]

Turtles

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In addition to the fossils described below, indeterminate turtle remains, including limb bones and carapace fragments, have also been recovered from Ivö Klack, Ugnsmunnarna, Ignaberga and Åsen.[10][60]

Turtles reported from the Kristianstad Basin
Genus Species Sites Age Material Notes Ref Images
Osteopygis O?. sp. Maltesholm Latest Early Campanian An incomplete carapace A macrobaenid turtle; Einarsson (2018) notes that the identification as Osteopygis is likely incorrect and that the material is more likely to belong to the genus Euclastes, though it has not formally been reclassified. [10][61][62]
 
A softshell turtle (Apalone)
Trionychidae indet. – Ivö Klack Latest Early Campanian Shell fragments A softshell turtle [10]

Invertebrates

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Note: Although the Kristianstad Basin is incredibly rich in invertebrate fossils and diversity, with hundreds of species, the creation of a full list is impossible due to a lack of published overviews and recent examinations.[63] Which lists are incomplete is specified below and estimates in regards to how many species are actually present are included if possible.

Bivalves

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The bivalves are the most species-rich group present in the Kristianstad Basin, with Surlyk & Sørenson (2010) stating that close to 70 distinct species were present at Ivö Klack alone.[64]

Bivalves reported from the Kristianstad Basin
Genus Species Sites Age Material Notes Ref Images
Acutostrea A. incurva Åsen, Axeltorp Latest Early Campanian Several specimens A true oyster [65][66]
 
Mimachlamys
 
Nucula
 
Pecten
 
Spondylus
Arcostrea A. diluviana Ivö Klack Latest Early Campanian Several specimens A true oyster [67]
Barbartia B. sp. Ullstorp Latest Early Campanian Several specimens A arcid, the genus survives to the present day [68]
Chlamys C. sp. Ullstorp Latest Early Campanian Several specimens A pectinid, the genus survives to the present day [68]
Hyotissa H. sp. Ivö Klack Several specimens An ostreid, the genus survives to the present day [66]
Inoceramus I. sp. Ullstorp Latest Early Campanian Several specimens A pteriid [68]
Lima L. semisulcata Balsvik Early Late Campanian Several specimens A limid, the genus survives to the present day [9]
Mimachlamys M. sp. Ullstorp Latest Early Campanian Several specimens A pectinid, the genus survives to the present day [68]
Nemocardium N. sp. Ullstorp Latest Early Campanian Several specimens A carditid, the genus survives to the present day [68]
Nucula N. sp. Ullstorp Latest Early Campanian Several specimens A nuculid, the genus survives to the present day [68]
Ostrea O. haliotoidea Ivö Klack, Hanaskog Latest Early Campanian – Early Late Campanian Several specimens A true oyster [69]
O. semiplana Hanaskog Early Late Campanian Several specimens A true oyster [11]
Ostreidae indet. – Åsen Latest Early Campanian Several specimens A true oyster [70]
Pecten P. subaraturs Balsvik Early Late Campanian Several specimens A pectinid, the genus survives to the present day [9]
P. undulatus Hanaskog Early Late Campanian Several specimens A pectinid, the genus survives to the present day [11]
Pycnodonte P. vesicularis Hanaskog, Balsvik, Ballingslöv Early Late Campanian – Latest Late Campanian Several specimens An ostreid [71]
Rastellum R. diluvianum Ivö Klack Several specimens A true oyster [66]
Rudista indet. – Ullstorp Latest Early Campanian Several specimens A rudist [68]
Spondylus S. labiatus Ivö Klack Latest Early Campanian Several specimens A spondylid, the genus survives to the present day [67]

Brachiopods

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According to Surlyk & Sørenson (2010) there were 27 distinct species of brachiopods present at Ivö Klack alone.[64]

Brachiopods reported from the Kristianstad Basin
Genus Species Sites Age Material Notes Ref Images
Ancistrocrania A. stobei Ivö Klack Latest Early Campanian Several specimens A craniid [67]
 
Isocrania
Crania C. craniolaris Ivö Klack, Balsberg, Ugnsmunnarna Latest Early Campanian Several specimens A craniid; one of the dominant brachiopod genera in the basin [72][73]
Cyranoia C. longirostris Ivö Klack Latest Early Campanian Several specimens A terebratulidan [74]
C. vissae Ivö Klack Latest Early Campanian Several specimens A terebratulidan [74]
Isocrania I. egnabergensis Ugnsmunnarna, Ignaberga Latest Early Campanian Several specimens A craniid [72]
Magas Balsberg Several specimens A terebratulidan; one of the dominant brachiopod genera in the basin [66][73]
Rhynchonella R. spectabilis Ullstorp Latest Early Campanian Several specimens A rhynchonellid; one of the dominant brachiopod genera in the basin [68][73]
Terebratula Ivö Klack, Ignaberga Latest Early Campanian Several specimens A terebratulidan; one of the dominant brachiopod genera in the basin [66][75][73]

Bryozoans

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Fossils of bryozoans are common in several sites throughout the Kristianstad Basin.[76]

Cephalopods

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Belemnites

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Belemnites reported from the Kristianstad Basin
Genus Species Sites Age Material Notes Ref Images
Actinocamax A. verus Ringeleslätt, Ullstorp Earliest Campanian Belemnite cones [77][78]
 
Life restoration of a group of belemnites
 
Belemnellocamax
 
Gonioteuthis
Belemnellocamax B. balsvikensis Åsen, Balsvik Earliest Late Campanian Belemnite cones [77][79]
B. grossouvrei Ullstorp Earliest Campanian Belemnite cones [77][78]
B. mammillatus Ullstorp, Ugnsmunnarna, Ignaberga, Ivö Klack, Åsen, Maltesholm Latest Early Campanian Belemnite cones [77][80]
Belemnella B. lanceolata Balsvik, Bjärlången, Ballingslöv Latest Campanian/earliest Maastrichtian Belemnite cones [77][81]
Belemnitella B. alpha Ringeleslätt, Ullstorp Earliest Campanian Belemnite cones [77][82]
B. minor Balsvik, Bjärlången Latest Campanian/earliest Maastrichtian Belemnite cones [77]
B. mucronata Ullstorp, Ugnsmunnarna, Ignaberga, Ivö Klack, Åsen, Maltesholm, Balsvik, Hanaskog, Bjärlången Latest Early Campanian – Middle Late Campanian Belemnite cones [77][78][81][83]
B. praecursor Ullstorp Earliest Campanian Belemnite cones Possibly misidentified specimens of B. alpha [77]
B. sp. Ballingslöv Latest Campanian/earliest Maastrichtian Belemnite cones [77]
Gonioteuthis G. granulaquadrata Ringeleslätt, Ignaberga, Ullstorp Earliest Campanian Belemnite cones [77][80]
G. granulata Ringeleslätt Late Santonian Belemnite cones [77][82]
G. quadrata quadrata Ullstorp Earliest Campanian Belemnite cones [77]
G. quadrata scaniensis Ugnsmunnarna, Ignaberga, Ivö Klack, Åsen Latest Early Campanian Belemnite cones [77][78]
G. westfalica westfalica Ringeleslätt Early/Middle Santonian Belemnite cones [77][82]
G. westfalicagranulata Ringeleslätt, Ignaberga Late Middle Santonian Belemnite cones [77][82]

Ammonites

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According to Surlyk & Sørenson, a large species of ammonite is also known from Ivö Klack.[64]

Ammonites reported from the Kristianstad Basin
Genus Species Sites Age Material Notes Ref Images
Ammonites A. stobei Ignaberga Latest Early Campanian Shell fossils [75]
 
Baculites
Baculites B. sp. Ullstorp Earliest Campanian Shell fossils A turrilitoid [8]
Hauericeras H. cf. pseudogardeni Ignaberga Latest Early Campanian Shell fossils A desmoceratoid [84]

Chitons

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Chitons reported from the Kristianstad Basin
Genus Species Sites Age Material Notes Ref Images
Olingechiton O. triangulatus Barnakälla Campanian A paleoloricatan [85]
Scanochiton S. jugatus Barnakälla Campanian A paleoloricatan [85]

Corals

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Fossils of corals are common in several sites throughout the Kristianstad Basin.[76] The list below only accounts for the recently revised diversity of corals found at Ivö Klack.[86]

Corals reported from the Kristianstad Basin
Genus Species Sites Age Material Notes Ref Images
Acrosmilia A. baltica Ivö Klack Latest Early Campanian Several specimens A acrosmiliid [86]
 
Diploria
 
Echinophyllia
Clausastrea C. informal sp. A Ivö Klack Latest Early Campanian Several specimens A montlivaltiid [86]
C. informal sp. B Ivö Klack Latest Early Campanian Several specimens A montlivaltiid [86]
Dimorphastrea D. sp. Ivö Klack Latest Early Campanian Several specimens A latomeandrid [86]
D?. sp. Ivö Klack Latest Early Campanian Several specimens A latomeandrid [86]
Diploria D. sp. Ivö Klack Latest Early Campanian Several specimens A mussid, the genus survives to the present day [86]
Echinophyllia E. sp. Ivö Klack Latest Early Campanian Several specimens A lobophylliid, the genus survives to the present day [86]
Micrabacia M. hilgardi Åsen Latest Early Campanian Several specimens A micrabaciid [67]
M. suecica Ivö Klack Latest Early Campanian Several specimens A micrabaciid [86]
Paracyathus P. sp. Ivö Klack Latest Early Campanian Several specimens A caryophylliid, the genus survives to the present day [86]
Parasmilia P. centralis Ivö Klack Latest Early Campanian Several specimens A caryophylliid, the genus survives to the present day [86]
Scleractinia informal indet. A – Ivö Klack Latest Early Campanian Several specimens [86]
Scleractinia informal indet. B – Ivö Klack Latest Early Campanian Several specimens [86]

Crinoids

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Fossils of crinoids have been found at several sites throughout the Kristianstad Basin.[67]

Crustaceans

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Crustaceans reported from the Kristianstad Basin
Genus Species Sites Age Material Notes Ref Images
Arcoscalpellum A. sp. Åsen Latest Early Campanian Several specimens A goose barnacle [67]
 
Callianassa
Callianassa C. sp. Åsen Latest Early Campanian Chelipeds (legs bearing claws) A decapod crustacean, the genus survives to the present day [87]
Protocallianassa P. faujasi Åsen, Ivö Klack Latest Early Campanian – earliest Late Campanian Several chelipeds (legs bearing claws) A decapod crustacean, sometimes referred to as the "burrowing ghost shrimp" [88][89]
Pycnolepas P. ignabergensis Ignaberga Latest Early Campanian A brachylepadomorph barnacle [90]

Echinoids

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According to Surlyk & Sørenson (2010) there were 18 distinct species of echinoids present at Ivö Klack alone.[64]

Echinoids reported from the Kristianstad Basin
Genus Species Sites Age Material Notes Ref Images
Cidaris C. sp. Ullstorp, Ignaberga Latest Early Campanian Several specimens A cidaroid, the genus survives to the present day; one of the dominant echinoid genera in the basin [68][75][91]
 
Cidaris
 
Conulus
 
Echinocorys
 
Hemipneustes
 
Micraster
Conulus C. sp. Balsvik Late Campanian Several specimens A echinoneoid [92]
Diplodetus D. idae Köpinge, Bäckaskog Latest Early Campanian – earliest Late Campanian Several specimens A spatangoid; many fossils mislabelled as various species of the related genus Micraster [66][93]
Echinocorys E. sp. Throughout the basin Campanian Several specimens A holasteroid; one of the dominant echinoid genera in the basin [66][91]
Echinogalerus E. peltiformis Ivö Klack Latest Early Campanian – earliest Late Campanian Several specimens A cassiduloid; sometimes referred to by the invalid name Caratomus; one of the dominant echinoid genera in the basin [92][91][94]
Hemipneustes H. sp. Ignaberga Latest Early Campanian Several specimens A holasteroid [75][92]
Holaster H. sp. Åsen Early Campanian Several specimens A holasteroid; one of the dominant echinoid genera in the basin [92][91]
Micraster M. sp. Balsvik Late Campanian Several specimens A spatangoid; one of the dominant echinoid genera in the basin [92][91]
Pedinopsis P. sp. Ivö Klack Early Campanian Several specimens An indeterminate echinacean [92]
Phymosoma P. sp. Ivö Klack Early Campanian Several specimens A phymosomatoid; one of the dominant echinoid genera in the basin [92][91]
Phymosomatoida indet. – Ignaberga Early Campanian Shells A phymosomatoid [92]
Phymotaxis P. sp. Ivö Klack Early Campanian Several specimens A stomopneustoid [92]
Plagiochasma P.? sp. Ivö Klack, Ignaberga Early Campanian Several specimens A irregularian [92]
Polysalenia P. notabilis Ivö Klack Latest Early Campanian A few specimens A salenioid [67][95]
P. cottaldi Ivö Klack Latest Early Campanian A single spcimen A salenioid [96]
Salenia S. areolata Ignaberga, Barnakälla, Balsberg, Ivö Klack Latest Early Campanian Several specimens A salenioid; relatively common species, one of the dominant echinoid genera in the basin [75][97][91]
S. lundgreni Mörby Early Late Campanian A few specimens A salenioid; one of the dominant echinoid genera in the basin [98][91]
Stereocidaris S. hudspethensis Ivö Klack Early Campanian Several specimens A cidaroid, the genus survives to the present day [92]
S. sp. Ivö Klack Early Campanian Several specimens A cidaroid, the genus survives to the present day [92]
Trisalenia T. loveni Ivö Klack, Barnakälla, Ignaberga Latest Early Campanian Several specimens A salenioid; a large number of specimens found at Ivö Klack, with few from Barnakälla and Ignaberga [66][67][99][92]
Trochalosoma T.? corneti Ivö Klack Early Campanian Several specimens A phymosomatoid [92]
Tylocidaris T. gosae Ivö Klack Early Campanian Several specimens A cidaroid [92]
T. squamifera Ignaberga Campanian Several specimens A cidaroid [100]

Gastropods

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According to Surlyk & Sørenson (2010), 19 species of gastropods could be identified from fossils just from the latest Early Campanian of Ivö Klack.[64] Their subsequent 2011 study on the gastropods of the site only listed the 15 species accounted for below.[101]

Gastropods reported from the Kristianstad Basin
Genus Species Sites Age Material Notes Ref Images
Campanile C. sp. Ivö Klack, Åsen Latest Early Campanian Several specimens A marine caenogastropod [101][68]
 
Patella
Campanilidae sp. A – Ivö Klack Latest Early Campanian Three specimens A marine caenogastropod [101]
Campanilidae sp. B – Ivö Klack Latest Early Campanian Three specimens A marine caenogastropod [101]
Gastropoda indet. 1 – Ivö Klack Latest Early Campanian Not specified A hitherto unidentified marine gastropod [101]
Gastropoda indet. 2 – Ivö Klack Latest Early Campanian Not specified A hitherto unidentified marine gastropod [101]
Gastropoda indet. 3 – Ivö Klack Latest Early Campanian Not specified A hitherto unidentified marine gastropod [101]
Gyrodes G. sp. Ivö Klack Latest Early Campanian One specimen A marine caenogastropod [101]
Naticidae sp. – Ivö Klack Latest Early Campanian One specimen A marine caenogastropod [101]
Neomesogastropoda aff. Naticidae sp. – Ivö Klack Latest Early Campanian Eight specimens A marine caenogastropod [101]
Otostoma O. sp. A Ivö Klack Latest Early Campanian One specimen A marine neritimorph [101]
O. sp. B Ivö Klack Latest Early Campanian One specimen A marine neritimorph [101]
O. sp. C Ivö Klack Latest Early Campanian One specimen A marine neritimorph [101]
Patella P. sp. Ivö Klack Latest Early Campanian Two specimens A marine patellogastropod, the genus survives to the present day [101]
Trochidae sp. aff. Chilodonta – Ivö Klack Latest Early Campanian One specimen A marine archaeogastropod [101]
Trochidae sp. – Ivö Klack Latest Early Campanian One specimen A marine archaeogastropod [101]
Volutodermidae sp. A – Ivö Klack Latest Early Campanian Two specimens A marine caenogastropod [101]
Volutodermidae sp. B – Ivö Klack Latest Early Campanian One specimen A marine caenogastropod [101]

Polychaetes

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In addition to the diverse polychaete worm fauna of Ivö Klack listed below, encrusters of serpulid polychaetes have also been discovered at Åsen,[11] though they are considerably fewer in number there and as of yet unpublished.[102]

Polychaetes reported from the Kristianstad Basin
Genus Species Sites Age Material Notes Ref Images
Cementula C. sphaerica Ivö Klack Latest Early Campanian Trace fossils; polychaete encrusters in rock A serpulid; abundant and small species [103]
 
Glomerula
Filogranula F. cincta Ivö Klack Latest Early Campanian Trace fossils; polychaete encrusters in rock A serpulid; rare and medium-sized species, the genus survives to the present day [103]
Glomerula G. plexus Ivö Klack Latest Early Campanian Trace fossils; polychaete encrusters in rock A sabellid; rare and medium-sized species, the genus survives to the present day [103]
G. serpentina Ivö Klack Latest Early Campanian Trace fossils; polychaete encrusters in rock A sabellid; abundant and small species, the genus survives to the present day [103]
Gynaeconitis G. gynaeconitis Ivö Klack Latest Early Campanian Trace fossils; polychaete encrusters in rock A serpulid; common and large species [103]
G.? sp. Ivö Klack Latest Early Campanian Trace fossils; polychaete encrusters in rock A serpulid; rare and large species [103]
Neovermilia N. cf. ampullacea Ivö Klack Latest Early Campanian Trace fossils; polychaete encrusters in rock A serpulid; rare and medium-sized species, the genus survives to the present day [103]
N.? sp. A Ivö Klack Latest Early Campanian Trace fossils; polychaete encrusters in rock A serpulid; rare and small species, the genus survives to the present day [103]
N.? sp. B Ivö Klack Latest Early Campanian Trace fossils; polychaete encrusters in rock A serpulid; rare and large species, the genus survives to the present day [103]
Placostegus P. aduncus Ivö Klack Latest Early Campanian Trace fossils; polychaete encrusters in rock A serpulid; rare and medium-sized species, the genus survives to the present day [103]
Pileolaria P. sp. A Ivö Klack Latest Early Campanian Trace fossils; polychaete encrusters in rock A serpulid; abundant and small species, the genus survives to the present day [103]
P. sp. B Ivö Klack Latest Early Campanian Trace fossils; polychaete encrusters in rock A serpulid; common and small species, the genus survives to the present day [103]
Protectoconorca cf. P. senonensis Ivö Klack Latest Early Campanian Trace fossils; polychaete encrusters in rock A serpulid; rare and large species [103]
Pyrgopolon P. (Septenaria) sp. aff. voigti Ivö Klack Latest Early Campanian Trace fossils; polychaete encrusters in rock A serpulid; common and medium-sized species, the genus survives to the present day [103]
P. sp. Ivö Klack Latest Early Campanian Trace fossils; polychaete encrusters in rock A serpulid; rare and medium-sized species, the genus survives to the present day [103]
P.? sp. Ivö Klack Latest Early Campanian Trace fossils; polychaete encrusters in rock A serpulid; rare and large species, the genus survives to the present day [103]
'Unidentified' sp. A – Ivö Klack Latest Early Campanian Trace fossils; polychaete encrusters in rock A serpulid; rare and medium-sized species [103]
'Unidentified' sp. B – Ivö Klack Latest Early Campanian Trace fossils; polychaete encrusters in rock A serpulid; rare and large species [103]
'Unidentified' sp. C – Ivö Klack Latest Early Campanian Trace fossils; polychaete encrusters in rock A serpulid; common and medium-large species [103]
'Unidentified' sp. D – Ivö Klack Latest Early Campanian Trace fossils; polychaete encrusters in rock A serpulid; rare and large species [103]
Unidentified GMI 201b – Ivö Klack Latest Early Campanian Trace fossils; polychaete encrusters in rock A serpulid; rare and medium-sized species [103]
Unidentified GMI 205 – Ivö Klack Latest Early Campanian Trace fossils; polychaete encrusters in rock A serpulid; rare and medium-sized species [103]
Unidentified GMI 1910 – Ivö Klack Latest Early Campanian Trace fossils; polychaete encrusters in rock A serpulid; rare and large species [103]
Unidentified GMI 1915 – Ivö Klack Latest Early Campanian Trace fossils; polychaete encrusters in rock A serpulid; rare and large species [103]
Vermiliopsis V. mammeata Ivö Klack Latest Early Campanian Trace fossils; polychaete encrusters in rock A serpulid; rare and medium-sized species, the genus survives to the present day [103]

Sponges

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Fossil sponges have been recovered at fossil sites in the Kristianstad Basin.[75]

Starfish

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Fossils of starfish have been found at several sites in the Kristianstad Basin.[67] According to Surlyk & Sørenson (2010) there were 16 distinct species of starfish present at Ivö Klack alone.[64]

See also

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References

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Citations

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  1. ^ Surlyk & Sørensen 2010, p. 567.
  2. ^ Bazzi, Einarsson & Kear 2015, p. 278, 280, 283.
  3. ^ a b c Bazzi, Einarsson & Kear 2015, p. 278, 280, 284.
  4. ^ a b Bazzi, Einarsson & Kear 2015, p. 278, 280, 285.
  5. ^ a b c Bazzi, Einarsson & Kear 2015, p. 278, 280, 286.
  6. ^ Bazzi, Einarsson & Kear 2015, p. 278, 280, 284, 285.
  7. ^ Bazzi, Einarsson & Kear 2015, p. 278, 280, 281.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Einarsson 2018, p. 28.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Einarsson 2018, p. 34.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf Sørensen, Surlyk & Lindgren 2013, p. 87.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Einarsson 2018, p. 33.
  12. ^ a b c d Siverson 1993b, p. 12.
  13. ^ a b Einarsson 2018, p. 34–35.
  14. ^ Siverson 1993, p. 16.
  15. ^ a b Einarsson 2018, p. 29–33.
  16. ^ a b Einarsson 2018, p. 29–32.
  17. ^ Einarsson 2018, p. 28, 33.
  18. ^ Einarsson 2018, p. 30–33.
  19. ^ Siverson 1993b, p. 9.
  20. ^ Siverson 1989, p. 14.
  21. ^ Siverson 1989, p. 16.
  22. ^ a b Siverson 1993, p. 6.
  23. ^ a b Siverson et al. 2015, p. 251.
  24. ^ Einarsson 2018, p. 28–35.
  25. ^ Siverson 1989, p. 13.
  26. ^ Siverson 1989, p. 11.
  27. ^ a b c Einarsson 2018, p. 32.
  28. ^ Einarsson 2018, p. 32–33.
  29. ^ Persson 1959, p. 473.
  30. ^ Sørensen, Surlyk & Lindgren 2013, p. 87, 90.
  31. ^ Källsten 2015, p. 3, 11.
  32. ^ Lindgren et al. 2007, p. 932, 934.
  33. ^ Poropat et al. 2015, p. 233.
  34. ^ Poropat et al. 2015, pp. 233–234.
  35. ^ Poropat et al. 2015, pp. 234–235.
  36. ^ Poropat et al. 2015, pp. 235–236.
  37. ^ Einarsson 2018, pp. 10, 38.
  38. ^ a b Sørensen, Surlyk & Lindgren 2013, p. 90.
  39. ^ Rees & Lindgren 2005, p. 1324.
  40. ^ Rees & Lindgren 2005, p. 1322.
  41. ^ Rees & Lindgren 2005, p. 1323.
  42. ^ a b c Källsten 2015, p. 4.
  43. ^ Lindgren 1998, p. 6.
  44. ^ a b c d Källsten 2015, p. 5.
  45. ^ Källsten 2015, p. 5, 11.
  46. ^ Lindgren 2004, p. 223–224.
  47. ^ Lindgren 1998, p. 11.
  48. ^ Lindgren 2004, p. 226.
  49. ^ Einarsson 2018, p. 154.
  50. ^ Sørensen, Surlyk & Lindgren 2013, p. 89.
  51. ^ Lindgren 1998, p. 15, 22.
  52. ^ Persson 1959, p. 446.
  53. ^ Persson 1959, p. 444.
  54. ^ Persson 1959, p. 441.
  55. ^ Persson 1959, p. 442.
  56. ^ Källsten 2015, p. 3.
  57. ^ Persson 1959, p. 447.
  58. ^ Persson 1996, p. 112.
  59. ^ Einarsson 2018, p. 153.
  60. ^ Persson 1959, p. 438.
  61. ^ Persson 1959, p. 435.
  62. ^ Einarsson 2018, p. 157.
  63. ^ Surlyk & Sørensen 2010, pp. 567, 573.
  64. ^ a b c d e f Surlyk & Sørensen 2010, p. 573.
  65. ^ McLoughlin et al. 2018, p. 99.
  66. ^ a b c d e f g h NRM.
  67. ^ a b c d e f g h i Einarsson 2018, p. 31.
  68. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Andersson Medhanie Tuccu 2017, p. 17.
  69. ^ Einarsson 2018, pp. 31, 33.
  70. ^ Fossilworks - Åsen (lower).
  71. ^ Einarsson 2018, pp. 33, 34.
  72. ^ a b Emig 2009, p. 5.
  73. ^ a b c d Einarsson 2018, p. 159.
  74. ^ a b Fossilworks - Ifo, Blaksudden.
  75. ^ a b c d e f Einarsson 2018, p. 30.
  76. ^ a b Einarsson 2018, p. 24.
  77. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Einarsson 2018, pp. 27–35.
  78. ^ a b c d Lindgren et al. 2007, p. 930.
  79. ^ Poropat et al. 2015, p. 232.
  80. ^ a b Lindgren et al. 2007, p. 929.
  81. ^ a b Lindgren 2004, p. 222.
  82. ^ a b c d Siverson 1993b, p. 8.
  83. ^ Lindgren 2004, p. 223.
  84. ^ Einarsson 2018, p. 30, 40.
  85. ^ a b Fossilworks - Barnakälla.
  86. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Fossilworks - Ivö Klack.
  87. ^ Einarsson 2018, pp. 30, 160.
  88. ^ Einarsson, Praszkier & Vajda 2016, p. 241.
  89. ^ Einarsson 2018, p. 10.
  90. ^ Fossilworks - Ignaberga.
  91. ^ a b c d e f g h Einarsson 2018, p. 160.
  92. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Andersen 2011.
  93. ^ Stokes 1971, p. 237.
  94. ^ Neumann, Jagt & van der Ham 2002, p. 128.
  95. ^ Mortensen 1932, pp. 490, 494.
  96. ^ Mortensen 1932, pp. 494, 496.
  97. ^ Mortensen 1932, pp. 476, 480.
  98. ^ Mortensen 1932, pp. 482, 483.
  99. ^ Mortensen 1932, pp. 489, 490.
  100. ^ Neumann, Wisshak & Bromley 2008, p. 311.
  101. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Sørensen & Surlyk 2011.
  102. ^ Sørensen & Surlyk 2008, p. 296.
  103. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y Sørensen & Surlyk 2010, p. 555.

General bibliography

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Web sources

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