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The Pan-Iranist Party (Persian: حزب پانایرانیست, romanized: Ḥezb-e Pān-Irāni) is an[6] opposition political party in Iran that advocates pan-Iranism. The party is not registered and is technically banned, however it continues to operate inside Iran.[1]
Pan-Iranist Party حزب پانایرانیست Ḥezb-e Pān-Irānist | |
|---|---|
| General Secretary | Dr. Sohrab Azam Zangane[1] |
| Spokesperson | Manouchehr Yazdi |
| Founder | Mohsen Pezeshkpour Dariush Forouhar[2] |
| Founded | 1941[3] |
| Headquarters | Tehran, Iran |
| Parliamentary wing | Pan-Iranist parliamentary group (1967–71; 1978–79) |
| Ideology | Pan-Iranism Iranian nationalism[2] State secularism Historical: |
| Political position | Right-wing[8] |
| Colours | Green White Red Grey (customary) |
| Seats in the Parliament | 0 / 290
|
| Election symbol | |
| ≠ | |
| Party flag | |
  | |
| Website | |
| paniranistparty | |
During the Pahlavi dynasty, the party was represented in the Parliament[9] and considered a semi-opposition within the regime, allowed to operate until officially denouncing Iran's assent to Bahraini independence in 1971.[10] The party was forced to close down and merge into the Resurgence Party in 1975.[citation needed]
It is an occasional supporter of the major nationalist party, National Front, and was nationalist with respect to its ideology.[11] Pan-Iranist Party was an anti-communist organization and regularly battled Tudeh Party of Iran mobs in the streets of Tehran.[12] In the context of the 1940s, it is described as a "secular ultranationalist party",[13] whereas in that of the mid-1960s, it is described as a "secular nationalist" party.[14] Nowadays, the party is marked by being against the pan-Islamism of the post-1979 Iranian government, as well as of the external threats posed by pan-Arabist and pan-Turkist aimed at ruining Iran's territorial integrity and cultural-civilizational heritage. Unlike pan-Arabist and pan-Turkist parties in the region, the pan-Iranist party does not advocate the return of Iran's former lands through irredentist plans, and its political program does not incorporate such plans either. Rather, it advocates the cultural integration of the Iranian civilizational basin.[15]
The Pan-Iranist Party spoke supportive of the Iranian Green Movement in 2009[16] and its discourse was revived in the 2010s by the conservatives who tactically adopted its positions amidst Iran–Saudi disagreements and clash.[17]
Background
editThe invasion of Iran by Anglo-Soviet armies in the early 20th century led to insecurity among Iranians who saw the king, Reza Shah, powerless against such foreign presence in the country. There were soldiers from Russia, England, India, New Zealand, Australia and later on, America, present in the country, especially in the capital, Tehran.[18]
The Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran influenced a series of student movements in 1941 where nationalism was gaining popularity more than ever among Iranians, one of these new groups was an underground nationalist guerrilla group called the Revenge group (also known as the Anjoman).[18]
The Pan-Iranist Party was later founded by two of the members of the revenge group and two other students in the mid-to-late 1940s in Tehran University. Though the pan-Iranist movement had been active throughout the 1930s, it had been a loosely organized grass roots alliance of nationalist writers, teachers, students, and activists. The party was the first organization to officially adopt the pan-Iranist position, which believed in the solidarity and reunification of the Iranian peoples inhabiting the Iranian plateau.
History
edit
In 1951, Mohsen Pezeshkpour and Dariush Forouhar came to a disagreement as to how the party should operate, and a division occurred. The Pezeskpour faction, which retained the party name, believed in working within the system of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. The Forouhar faction, which adopted a new name, Mellat Iran (Nation of Iran Party), believed in working against the system. Mellat Iran was far more fervently nationalist than the former party and strongly supported and was allied with the national movement of Mohammad Mossadegh, who had founded the National Front of Iran (Jebhe Melli) with other Iranian nationalist leaders.
The party was allegedly funded by the Central Intelligence Agency through TPBEDAMN.[19]
After the British-American sponsored coup d'etat against Mossadegh, the Shah assumed dictatorial powers and outlawed almost all political groups, including Mellat Iran and the National Front. The Pan-Iranist Party soon became the official opposition in the Majlis, with Pezeshkpour as Speaker. However, in reality, the party had very little political power and influence and its position was primarily intended to be symbolic. Beginning in the late 1960s, under the government of Amir Abbas Hoveyda, Iran mostly became a one-party dictatorship under the Imperial Resurrection Party (Rastakhiz).
Pezeshkpour remained active in the Majlis and spoke out against British rule in Bahrain, which Iran claimed. He established a residence in the city of Khorramshahr, which at the time was home to some of the most exclusive neighbourhoods in Iran and also became his base of operations. In Khuzestan, the party was, for the first time, able to become a dominant influence, whereas in the rest of Iran, the party continued to have very little effect.
With the onset of revolution in 1978, Pezeshkpour and other politicians who had been allied with the Shah fled the country into exile. Mohammad Reza Ameli Tehrani, a party co-founder, was sentenced to death by the Revolutionary Court and subsequently executed in May 1979. Nationalist movements such as Mellat Iran and the National Front, which had been opposed to the Shah, remained in the country and played a crucial role in the revolutionary provisional government of Mehdi Bazargan. After the Islamic Revolution of 1979, which eventually saw the rise to power of Khomeini to the position of Supreme Leader after the collapse of the provisional government, all nationalist groups, as well as socialist and communist movements such as the Tudeh Party, were banned.
In the early 1990s, Pezeshkpour wrote a letter of apology to the new Supreme Leader, Ali Khamenei, stating that he wished to return to Iran and promised to stay out of politics for good. Khamenei accepted the apology and allowed Pezeshkpour to return so he would not resume his previous political activities. However, some time afterwards, Pezeshkpour became active in politics once again and reestablished the Pan-Iranist Party in Iran. He reformed the party structure and abandoned much of the old organizational ideology that Forouhar had opposed and originally led to the division. However, the Pan-Iranist Party and Mellat Iran did not reconcile and continued to function as separate organizations.
In the wake of the student demonstrations of 1999, many members of the Pan-Iranist Party were arrested[20] and nine members of the party leadership, including Pezeshkpour himself, were summoned to the Islamic Revolutionary Court. The charges made against them included distribution of anti-government propaganda in the official party newspaper, National Sovereignty.
In the summer of 2004, an attempt by a motorist, allegedly an undercover operative of the Ministry of Intelligence, on the life of Mohsen Pezeshkpour failed in front of his residence in Tehran.
During January, 2011, co-founder of the Pan Iranist Party, Mohsen Pezeshkpour was announced dead when under house arrest by the Iranian Government. As a result, Reza Kermani was declared the new General Secretary of the Pan Iranist Party.
Reza Kermani died on January 30, 2013, due to health issues brought upon him by the 18 months imprisonment within Gohardasht Prison, where many have deemed conditions inhumane and criticized internationally.
Organization
edit
The differences between Forouhar and Pezeshkpour lay mostly in organizational structure and policy, though there were also specific ideological differences. Forouhar strongly believed in democracy and cooperation with other Iranian parties, including leftist-oriented groups, whereas Pezeshkpour believed in a more authoritarian approach and opposed alliances with non-nationalist organizations. However, alliances with other nationalist groups were rare or non-existent as most were officially banned. Under Pezeshkpour, the Pan-Iranist Party also took on a decidedly paramilitary structure, with members assigned military ranks and titles. All male and female active members wore uniforms to party functions. Forouhar also strongly opposed this, though this paramilitary nature was largely symbolic, and party members did not carry weapons. Ordinary members were not required to wear uniforms. Beginning in the late 1960s, Pezeshkpour also had several personal bodyguards assigned to always protect him.
The party's symbol was a crossed-out equal sign (≠), signifying inequality. This was about foreign powers such as Britain and Russia and symbolized the Pan-Iranist view that Iran must uphold its national sovereignty and interests above all else. According to the party's literature, the philosophical meaning attributed to this symbol was that, in reality, there is no equality amongst nations and that each nation must struggle to rise above all others, otherwise risking oblivion. This symbolism and philosophy also played a crucial role in dividing Forouhar and Pezeshkpour.
Other nationalists often criticized Pezeshkpour for not supporting Mossadegh and his role in Shah's government as Speaker of Majlis, as this position had no real power. Nationalist leaders viewed the failure of his opposition to the separation of Bahrain as evidence that his function was strictly symbolic.
When Pezeshkpour set about restoring the party after returning to Iran, he and other former party leaders renounced the former paramilitary structure of the organization as well as its authoritarianism, instead proclaiming their commitment to plurality and democracy, as well as a willingness to cooperate with other opposition groups. They continue to maintain the original party symbolism.
Election results
edit| Year | Election | Party leader | Seats won |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1967 | Parliamentary | Mohsen Pezeshkpour | 5 / 219 (2%)
|
| 1968 | Local | 20 / 1,068 (2%)
|
See also
edit
- Splinter groups
- Nation Party of Iran (1951)
- Iranians' Party (1970)
References
edit- ^ a b "COUNTRY OF ORIGIN INFORMATION REPORT: IRAN" (PDF). Independent Advisory Group on Country. 31 August 2010. pp. 230, 234.
- ^ a b Abrahamian, Ervand (1982). Iran Between Two Revolutions. Princeton University Press. pp. 257–258. ISBN 978-0-691-10134-7.
- ^ Rubin, Michael (2001). Into the Shadows: Radical Vigilantes in Khatami's Iran. Washington Institute for Near East Policy. p. 90. ISBN 978-0944029459.
- ^ Boroujerdi, Mehrzad; Rahimkhani, Kourosh (2018). Postrevolutionary Iran: A Political Handbook. Syracuse University Press. p. 344.
- ^ Azimi, Fakhreddin (2008). Quest for Democracy in Iran: A Century of Struggle Against Authoritarian Rule. Harvard University Press. p. 253. ISBN 978-0674027787.
- ^ a b Weinbaum, Marvin (1973), "Iran finds a party system: the institutionalization of Iran Novin", The Middle East Journal, 27 (4): 439–455, JSTOR 4325140
- ^ Chubin, Shahram; Zabih, Sepehr (1974). The Foreign Relations of Iran: A Developing State in a Zone of Great-power Conflict. University of California Press. p. 15. ISBN 978-0520026834.
- ^ The Middle East and North Africa 2003. Psychology Press. 2002. p. 416. ISBN 978-1857431322.
- ^ Milani, Abbas (2000). The Persian Sphinx: Amir Abbas Hoveyda and the Riddle of the Iranian Revolution. I.B.Tauris. p. 381. ISBN 9781850433286.
Several reports from the American Embassy in Tehran refer to the Pan Iranist Party as one whose leadership was controlled by the government. For example, one report indicated, "Pan lranist deputies elected ... to Majlis can be expected to serve primarily as a propaganda instrument." National Archive, "Confidential Airgram: Pan Iranist Party, August 30, 1967." In another dispatch called "the Noisy Pan Iranists in Parliament" the embassy reports that "it should be emphasized that for many of these men-particularly the older ones- membership in the party has brought tangible rewards. Largely because of its close SAVAK connections, the party has been able to advance the careers of its members." NA, "The Noisy Pan Iranists in the Parliament, January 27, 1968."
- ^ Houchang E. Chehabi (1990). Iranian Politics and Religious Modernism: The Liberation Movement of Iran Under the Shah and Khomeini. I.B.Tauris. pp. 211, 272. ISBN 978-1850431985.
- ^ Poulson, Stephen (2006). Social Movements in Twentieth-century Iran: Culture, Ideology, and Mobilizing Frameworks. Lexington Books. p. 147. ISBN 978-0739117576.
- ^ Mark J. Gasiorowski (1987). "Disintegration of Iranian National Front: Causes and Motives". The 1953 Coup d'Etat in Iran. 19 (3). Cambridge University Press: 261–286. doi:10.1017/s0020743800056737. S2CID 154201459.
- ^ Boroujerdi, Mehrzad; Rahimkhani, Kourosh (2018). Postrevolutionary Iran: A Political Handbook. Syracuse University Press. p. 344.
- ^ Matin-Asgari, Afshin (2018). Both Eastern and Western: An Intellectual History of Iranian Modernity. Cambridge University Press. p. 174.
- ^ Ahmadi, Hamid (2020). "Nationalism in Iran". In Kamrava, Mehran (ed.). Routledge Handbook of Persian Gulf Politics. Routledge. pp. 265–279.
- ^ Golnaz Esfandiari (22 June 2009). "Women At Forefront Of Iranian Protests". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Retrieved 16 March 2017.
- ^ Nozhan Etezadosaltaneh (4 August 2016). "Pan-Iranism: New Tactics of Conservatives in Iran". International Policy Digest. Retrieved 16 March 2017.
- ^ a b Engheta, Naser (2001). 50 years history with the Pan-Iranists. Los Angeles, CA: Ketab Corp. ISBN 978-1-883819-56-9.
- ^ Rahnema, Ali (2014-11-24). Behind the 1953 Coup in Iran: Thugs, Turncoats, Soldiers, and Spooks. Cambridge University Press. p. 23. ISBN 978-1107076068.
- ^ "RFE/RL Iran Report".