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Pan American Games

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The Pan American Games, known as the Pan Am Games, is a continental multi-sport event in the Americas. It features thousands of athletes participate in a competitions to win different summer sports. It is held among athletes from nations of the Americas, every 4 years, the year before Summer Olympics. It is the second oldest continental games in the world. The only Winter Pan American Games were held in 1990. In 2021, the Junior Pan American Games was held for the first time specifically for young athletes.[1][2][3][4] The Pan American Sports Organization is the governing body of the Pan American Games movement, whose structure and actions are defined by the Olympic Charter.[5]

Pan American Games
Games
Pan American Games
AbbreviationPan Am Games
First event1951 Pan American Games in Buenos Aires, Argentina
Occur everyFour years
Last event2023 Pan American Games in Santiago, Chile
Next event2027 Pan American Games in Lima, Peru
PurposeMulti-sport event for nations on the American continents

The most recent event was the XIX Pan American Games, held in Santiago from 20 October to 5 November 2023.[6] The XX Pan American Games will be held in 2027. Since the XV Pan American Games in 2007, host cities are contracted to manage both the Pan American and Parapan American Games,[5] in which athletes with physical disabilities compete with one another. The Parapan American Games are held immediately following the Pan American Games.

The Pan American Games Movement consists of international sports federations, National Olympic Committees recognized by PASO, and organizing committees for each specific Pan American Games. As the decision-making body, PASO is responsible for choosing the host city for each Pan American Games. The host city is responsible for organizing and funding a celebration of the Games consistent with the Olympic Charter and rules. The Pan-Am Games program, consisting of the sports to be contested at the Games, is determined by PASO. The celebration of the Games encompasses many rituals and symbols, such as the flag and torch, and the opening and closing ceremonies. Over 5,000 athletes compete at the Pan American Games in 36 sports and nearly 400 events. The first, second, and third-place finishers in each event receive gold, silver, and bronze medals, respectively.[7]

History

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Early games

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The idea of holding a Pan American Games was first raised at the 1932 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, where Latin American representatives of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) suggested that a competition among all the countries in the Americas should be created.[8] During the Pan-American Exposition at Dallas in 1937, a limited sports program was staged. These included athletics, boxing and wrestling, among others. This program was considered a success and a meeting of Olympic officials from the Americas was held.[9][10]

At the first Pan American Sports Congress, held in Buenos Aires in 1940, the participants decided that the first games should be held in Buenos Aires in 1942. The plans had to be postponed because of World War II. A second Pan American Sports Congress held in London during the 1948 Summer Olympics reconfirmed Buenos Aires as the choice of host city for the inaugural games, which were held in 1951. The games began on February 25[11] of that year, and offered 18 sports.[8] Countries and territories that were part of the Commonwealth of Nations such as Canada did not compete at the first Pan American Games.[12] The second games were held in Mexico City, Mexico. Competitions started on March 12 and included 2,583 athletes from 22 countries, competing in 17 sports.[13] The Pan American Games have been held subsequently every four years.[13]

Recent games

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The welcome centre at the 2015 Pan American Games athletes' village.

While the inaugural 1951 Games hosted 2,513 participants representing 14 nations, the 2019 Pan American Games involved 6,680 competitors from 41 countries.[14] During the games most athletes and officials are housed in the Pan American Games village. This village is intended to be a self-contained home for all the participants. It is furnished with cafeterias, health clinics, and locations for religious expression.[15]

PASO allows nations to compete that do not meet the strict requirements for political sovereignty that other international organizations demand. As a result, colonies and dependencies are permitted to set up their own National Olympic Committees. This includes territories such as Puerto Rico and Bermuda, which compete as separate nations despite being under the jurisdiction of another power.[16]

Winter Pan American Games

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Main article: 1990 Winter Pan American Games
 
Las Leñas, Argentina, hosted the only Pan American Winter Games.

There have been attempts to hold Winter Pan American Games throughout the history of the games, but these have had little success.[17] The organizers of the 1951 Pan American Games in Buenos Aires planned to stage winter events later in the year, but dropped the idea due to lack of interest.[18] Another difficulty is that the Americas cover both hemispheres, which creates scheduling issues related to reverse seasons.

Lake Placid, New York tried to organize Winter Games in 1959, but again not enough countries expressed interest. The plans were eventually cancelled.[17]

In 1988, members of PASO voted to hold the first Pan American Winter Games at Las Leñas, Argentina in September 1989. It was further agreed that Winter Games would be held every four years. But lack of snow forced the postponement of the games until 16–22 September 1990,[17] when only eight countries sent 97 athletes to Las Leñas. Of that total, 76 were from just three countries: Argentina, Canada, and the United States. Weather was unseasonably warm and again there was little snow, so only three Alpine Skiing events were staged: the Slalom, Giant Slalom, and Super G. The United States and Canada won all 18 medals between them.

PASO awarded the second Pan American Winter Games to Santiago, Chile for 1993. The United States warned that it would not take part unless a full schedule of events was held. The Santiago organizing committee eventually gave up on planning the Games after the United States Olympic Committee declined to participate, and the idea has not been revived since.[17]

Junior Pan American Games

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Main article: Junior Pan American Games

On 16 January 2019 PASO announced the creation of the Junior Pan American Games. This event, inspired by the Youth Olympic Games, is exclusively for athletes who are under 21 years of age, with fewer requirements on infrastructure and cost.[4][2][1]

For the first edition of the games, Panam Sports accepted candidate cities until 31 January. Cali, Colombia; Santa Ana, El Salvador; and Monterrey, Mexico were accepted as candidate cities.[19] Cali was chosen as the host city at the Executive Committee in San José, Costa Rica on 27 March 2019.[20]

Panam Sports chose Asunción, Paraguay as the host for the 2025 Junior Pan American Games.[21] Asunción received 32 out of 48 votes, while Santa Marta, Colombia received the remaining 16 votes.

Pan American Sports Organization

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Main article: Panam Sports

The Pan American Games Movement encompasses a number of national and international sporting organizations and federations, recognized media partners, athletes, officials, judges, and every other person and institution that agrees to abide by the rules of the Olympic Charter (which is the same as PASO's charter).[22] As the umbrella organization of the Olympic Movement, PASO is responsible for selecting the host city, overseeing the planning of the Pan American Games, updating and approving the sports program, and negotiating sponsorship and broadcasting rights.[7]

The Pan American Games Movement is made of three major elements:

  • International Federations (IFs) are the governing bodies that supervise a sport at an international level. For example, the International Federation of Association Football (FIFA) is the IF for football (soccer), and the Fédération Internationale de Volleyball (FIVB) is the international governing body for volleyball. There are currently 36 IFs in the Pan American Games Movement, representing each of the Pan American Games sports.[23]
  • National Olympic Committees (NOCs) represent and regulate the Pan American Games movement within each country. For example, the United States Olympic Committee (USOC) is the NOC of the United States. There are currently 41 NOCs recognized by PASO.
  • Organizing Committees for the Pan America Games (PAOGs) constitute the temporary committees responsible for the organization of a specific celebration of the Pan American Games. PAOGs are dissolved after each Games, once the final report is delivered to PASO.

Spanish and English are the official languages of the Pan American Games Movement. The other language used at each Pan American Games is the language of the host country. For example: at the 2007 Pan American Games who was held in Brazil, the first language was Brazilian Portuguese. Every proclamation (such as the announcement of each country during the parade of nations in the opening ceremony) is spoken in these three languages or the main two depending on whether the host country is an English or Spanish speaking country.[7]

Symbols

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The Pan American Games torch being lit in Teotihuacan.
 
The Anthem of PASO
Adopted in 2008
Problems playing this file? See media help.

The Pan American Games Movement uses symbols to represent the ideals embodied in the Pan American Games charter. The Pan American Sports Organization flag displays the PASO logo on a white background. To highlight the close association between the International Olympic Committee and the Pan Am Games, the Olympic Rings were added to the flag in 1988. The flag has been hoisted during each celebration of the Games.[24] Due to an administrative issue, the flag was hoisted while the Olympic Hymn was played until the 2007 Games. In 2011 Games, the new anthem was played for the first time. The anthem itself was chosen in 2007 and was adopted in 2008.

Similar to the Olympic flame, the Pan American Games flame is lit well before the Games are to commence. The flame was lit for the first games in Olympia, Greece. For subsequent games, the torch has been lit during the simulation of the Aztec new fire ceremony held during the Mezoamerican period, the ceremonies here held first in the Cerro de la Estrella National Park in Mexico City and later they moved the ceremony to the Pyramid of the Sun located in Teotihuacan Pyramids Complex.[25] The only exception was for the São Paulo games in 1963, when the torch was lit in Brasília by the indigenous Guaraní people and two ways were held as the country also hosted the 1963 Summer Universiade in Porto Alegre. An Aztec older then lights the torch of the first relay bearer, thus initiating the Pan American torch relay that will carry the flame to the host city's main stadium, where it plays an important role in the opening ceremony.[7] Since 2011, the flame is required to be held during the games in the stadium which will host the athletics competition. If the Opening ceremony and athletics competition will be held in different stadiums, the flame will be required to move from one stadium to the other. Exceptions occurred in the 1987, 1999, 2007 and 2015 Games when they have only one cauldron. In some cases the flame burn in a cauldron placed outside the main stadium.[7]

The Pan American Games mascot, an animal or human figure representing the cultural heritage of the host country, was introduced in 1979 in San Juan, Puerto Rico.[26] It has played an important part on the Games identity and promotion. The mascot of the most recent Pan American Games, in Santiago de Chile, was Fiu, a seven color rush tyrant.

List of Games mascots:[27]

  • San Juan 1979: Coqui (frog)
  • Caracas 1983: Santiaguito (lion)
  • Indianapolis 1987: Amigo (green parrot)
  • Havana 1991: Tocopan (bird)
  • Mar del Plata 1995: Lobi (sea lion)
  • Winnipeg 1999: Duck and Lorita (ducks)
  • Santo Domingo 2003: Tito (manatee)
  • Rio de Janeiro 2007: Cauê (sun)
  • Guadalajara 2011: Huichi (deer), Gavo (agave plant) and Leo (lion)
  • Toronto 2015: Pachi (porcupine)
  • Lima 2019: Milco (statue)[28]
  • Santiago 2023: Fiu (Many-colored rush tyrant)

Ceremonies

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Main article: Pan American Games ceremony

Opening

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As mandated by the Olympic Charter, various elements frame the opening ceremony of the Pan American Games.[29] The ceremony typically starts with the hoisting of the host country's flag and a performance of its national anthem. Since 2007, the nations parade is held immediately afterwards, with the athletes grouped by nation. Argentina is traditionally the first nation to enter in order to honor the origins of the Pan American Games, similarly to how Greece enters first in the Olympic Games as the originator. Nations usually then enter the stadium alphabetically according to the host country's or city's official language, with the host country's athletes being the last to enter. During the 1995 Pan American Games, which was hosted in Mar del Plata, Argentina, the Argentine flag entered the stadium first, while the country's delegation entered last (similarly to the 2004 Summer Olympics in Greece) and all delegations sit in reserved areas in the stands of the main stadium. The speeches are given, formally opening the Games; the PANAM Sports Flag and Olympic Flag are raised and the oaths taken immediately afterwards.[29] The host nation then presents artistic displays of music, singing, dance, and theater representative of its culture and history.[29] The artistic presentations have grown in scale and complexity as successive hosts attempt to provide a ceremony that outlasts its predecessor's in terms of memorability. The opening ceremony of the 2011 Games held in Guadalajara, Mexico, reportedly cost $20 million, with much of the cost incurred in the artistic segment.[30] Finally, the Pan American torch is brought into the stadium and passed on until it reaches the final torch carrier—often a well-known and successful athlete from the host nation—who lights the Pan American Games flame in the stadium's cauldron.[7]

Closing

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Athletes gather in the stadium during the closing ceremony of the 2007 Pan American Games.

The closing ceremony of the Pan American Games takes place after all sporting events have concluded. Flag-bearers from each participating country enter the stadium, followed by the athletes who enter together, without any national distinction.

Three flags are hoisted while the corresponding national anthems are played: the flags of the current host country and of the country hosting the next Pan American Games, together with the PASO flag.[7] The president of the organizing committee and the president of PASO make their closing speeches, the Games are officially closed, and the Pan American family is invited to participate at the next Games. The Pan American flame is then extinguished.[7] In what is known as the Antwerp Ceremony, the highest authority of the city that organized the Games transfers a special Pan American Games flag to the president of PASO, who then passes it on to the current highest authority of the city hosting the next Games.[7] After these compulsory elements, the next host nation briefly introduces itself with artistic displays of dance and theater representative of its culture. The closing ceremony may include a fifteen-minute presentation from the next host city.[7]

Medal presentation

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A medal ceremony during the 1987 Pan American Games in Indianapolis.

At the conclusion of each event, medals are ceremonially presented by an IOC or PASO member to the first, second and third-place finishers. The medal winners stand on a three-tiered podium while receiving their medals.[31] After the medals are presented, the national flags of the three medalists are raised while the national anthem of the gold medalist's country plays.[32] Volunteering citizens of the host country act as hosts during the medal ceremonies: they aid the officials who present the medals and act as flag-bearers.[33] For each event, the respective medal ceremony is held, at most, one day after the event's final. When athletics was scheduled for the last days, the men's marathon is run on the last day of the games, and the award ceremony is held before or during the closing ceremony.

Sports

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Main article: Pan American Games sports
 
Athletics has been held at all nineteen editions of the Pan American Games. Pictured here is the 10,000 metres event for men at the 2015 edition in Toronto.
Sport Years
3x3 basketball Since 2019
Archery Since 1971
Artistic swimming 1955, 1971, 1979–
Athletics Since 1951
Badminton Since 1995
Baseball Since 1951
Basketball Since 1951
Basque pelota 1995, 2003, 2011, 2019–
Beach volleyball Since 1999
Bodybuilding 2019
Bowling Since 1995
Boxing Since 1951
Breaking Since 2023
Canoeing Since 1987
Cycling Since 1951
Diving Since 1951
Equestrian 1951–1955, 1963–1971, 1979–
Fencing 1951–1955, 1963–1971, 1979–
Field hockey Since 1967
Football Since 1951
Futsal 2007
Gymnastics Since 1951
Golf Since 2015
Handball Since 1987
Judo 1963–1967, 1975–
Sport Years
Karate Since 1995
Marathon swimming Since 2015
Modern pentathlon 1951–1963, 1987–
Polo 1951
Racquetball 1991–2003, 2011–
Roller sports 1979, 1987–
Rowing Since 1951
Rugby sevens Since 2011
Sailing 1951–1971, 1979–
Sambo 1983
Shooting Since 1951
Softball Since 1979
Sport climbing Since 2023
Squash Since 1995
Surfing Since 2019
Swimming Since 1951
Table tennis Since 1979
Taekwondo Since 1987
Tennis 1951–1967, 1979–
Triathlon Since 1995
Volleyball Since 1955
Water polo Since 1951
Water skiing Since 1995
Weightlifting Since 1951
Wrestling Since 1951

Champions and medalists

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Further information: Category:Pan American Games medalists and All-time Pan American Games medal table
 
Gold medal from the 2015 Pan American Games
 
Silver medal from the 2015 Pan American Games
 
Bronze medal from the 2015 Pan American Games
 
Swimmer Thiago Pereira of Brazil has a record 23 Pan American medals.[34] Here he holds a gold medal during the 2007 edition.

The athletes or teams who place first, second, or third in each event receive medals. The winners receive gold medals, while the runners-up receive silver medals and the third-place athletes are awarded bronze medals. In events contested by a single-elimination tournament (most notably boxing), third place might not be determined and both semifinal losers receive bronze medals. PASO does not keep statistics of medals won, but National Olympic Committees and the media record medal statistics as a measure of success.

The top ten nations all time at the Pan American Games (minus medals won at the Winter Pan American Games):[35]

Summer Pan American Games
RankNationGoldSilverBronzeTotal
1  United States2,1881,6171,1944,999
2  Cuba9386426132,193
3  Canada5377769182,231
4  Brazil4494766561,581
5  Argentina3433915011,235
6  Mexico3103626171,289
7  Colombia165208296669
8  Venezuela110235317662
9  Chile69141205415
10  Dominican Republic4882146276
Totals (10 entries)5,1574,9305,46315,550
Winter Pan American Games
RankNationGoldSilverBronzeTotal
1  United States42511
2  Canada2417
Totals (2 entries)66618

List of Pan American Games

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Map of Pan American Games locations (host cities in red dots). Countries that have hosted one Pan Am Games are shaded green, while countries that have hosted two or more are shaded blue.

The Pan American Games have been hosted by 17 cities in 11 countries. Mexico and Canada have hosted three Pan American Games each, more than any other nation. Among cities, only Winnipeg and Mexico City have played host to the Pan American Games more than once, each hosting twice.

The host city for a Pan American Games is usually chosen six years ahead of their celebration. The selection process is in two phases that span a two-year period. The prospective host city applies to its country's Olympic Committee; if more than one city from the same country submits a proposal to its NOC, the national committee typically holds an internal selection, since only one city per NOC can be presented to the Pan American Sports Organization for consideration. Once the deadline for submission of proposals by the NOCs is reached, the first phase (Application) begins with the applicant cities asked to complete a questionnaire regarding several key criteria related to the organization of the Pan American Games.[7] In this form, the applicants must give assurances that they will comply with the Olympic Charter and with any other regulations established by PASO's Executive Committee.[7] The evaluation of the completed questionnaires by a specialized group provides PASO with an overview of each applicant's project and their potential to host the Games. On the basis of this technical evaluation, PASO's Executive Board selects the applicants that will proceed to the candidature stage.[7]

Once the candidate cities are selected, they must submit to PASO a bigger and more detailed presentation of their project as part of a candidature file. Each city is thoroughly analyzed by an evaluation commission. This commission will visit the candidate cities, interviewing local officials and inspecting prospective venue sites, and submit a report on its findings one month before the PASO's final decision. During the interview process the candidate city must guarantee that it will be able to fund the Games.[7] After the work of the evaluation commission, a list of candidates is presented to the General Session of PASO, which is assembled in a country that must not have a candidate city in the running. The members of PASO gathered in the Session have the final vote on the host city. Once elected, the host city bid committee (together with the NOC of the respective country) signs a Host City Contract with PASO, officially becoming a Pan American Games host nation and host city.[7]

Edition Year Host city Host nation Opened by Start date End date Nations Competitors Sports Events Top placed team
1 1951 Buenos Aires   Argentina President Juan Domingo Perón February 25 March 9 21 2,513 18 140   Argentina (ARG)
2 1955 Mexico City   Mexico President Adolfo Ruiz Cortines March 12 March 26 22 2,583 17 146   United States (USA)
3 1959 Chicago   United States Milton S. Eisenhower August 27 September 7 25 2,263 15 166   United States (USA)
4 1963 São Paulo   Brazil Adhemar de Barros April 20 May 5 22 1,665 19 160   United States (USA)
5 1967 Winnipeg   Canada Prince Philip July 23 August 6 29 2,361 19 169   United States (USA)
6 1971 Cali   Colombia President Misael Pastrana Borrero July 30 August 13 32 2,935 17 164   United States (USA)
7 1975 Mexico City   Mexico President Luis Echeverría October 12 October 26 33 3,146 19 190   United States (USA)
8 1979 San Juan   Puerto Rico Governor Carlos Romero Barceló July 1 July 15 34 3,700 21 249   United States (USA)
9 1983 Caracas   Venezuela President Luis Herrera Campins August 14 August 29 36 3,426 22 249   United States (USA)
10 1987 Indianapolis   United States Vice President George Bush August 7 August 23 38 4,360 27 296   United States (USA)
11 1991 Havana   Cuba President Fidel Castro August 2 August 18 39 4,519 28 331   Cuba (CUB)
12 1995 Mar del Plata   Argentina President Carlos Menem March 12 March 26 42 5,144 34 408   United States (USA)
13 1999 Winnipeg   Canada Governor General Roméo LeBlanc July 23 August 8 42 5,083 34 330   United States (USA)
14 2003 Santo Domingo   Dominican Republic President Hipólito Mejía August 1 August 17 42 5,223 34 338   United States (USA)
15 2007 Rio de Janeiro   Brazil Carlos Arthur Nuzman July 13 July 29 42 5,633 33 331   United States (USA)
16 2011 Guadalajara   Mexico President Felipe Calderón October 14 October 30 41 5,996 36 361   United States (USA)
17 2015 Toronto   Canada Governor General David Johnston July 10 July 26 41 6,123 36 364   United States (USA)
18 2019 Lima   Peru President Martín Vizcarra July 26 August 11 41 6,668 38 419   United States (USA)
19 2023 Santiago   Chile President Gabriel Boric October 20 November 5 41 6,909 39 425   United States (USA)
20 2027 Lima   Peru September 10 September 26 41 TBD 39 TBD TBD

Participating nations

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As of the 2023 edition, 35 countries and 6 territories, whose National Olympic Committee is recognized by the Pan American Sports Organization, compete at the Pan American Games.[36]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b "Monterrey busca sede para Juegos Panamericanos Jr" (in Spanish). Radio Centro Deportes. 17 January 2019. Archived from the original on 19 January 2019. Retrieved 18 January 2019.
  2. ^ a b "México muestra interés para Panamericanos Junior 2021" (in Spanish). Mexican Olympic Committee. 17 January 2019. Archived from the original on 19 January 2019. Retrieved 18 January 2019.
  3. ^ "Panam Sports organizará Panamericanos Júnior y sopesa Panamericanos de Playa". La Vanguardia. Archived from the original on 19 January 2019. Retrieved 18 January 2019.
  4. ^ a b "PANAM SPORTS BEGINS IMPLEMENTATION OF STRATEGIC PLAN". Pan American Sports Organization. Archived from the original on 19 January 2019. Retrieved 18 January 2019.
  5. ^ a b "Parapan American Games". Americas Paralympic committee. Archived from the original on 30 July 2011. Retrieved 10 July 2011.
  6. ^ "Panamupdates". Panamupdates. Retrieved 21 March 2023.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "Pan Am Regulation". Pan American Sports Organization. Archived from the original on 6 September 2012. Retrieved 10 July 2011.
  8. ^ a b "Pan Am Games gets going today". Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Olympic Committee. Archived from the original on 17 October 2015. Retrieved 8 March 2014.
  9. ^ Hersh, Phil (August 2, 1987). "Pan Am Games: From Peron To The Present". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on March 8, 2014. Retrieved May 16, 2013.
  10. ^ Richardson, David (April 4, 1955). "On To Australia: The 1955 Pan-American Games were a full-dress Olympic preview". Sports Illustrated. Archived from the original on March 8, 2014. Retrieved May 16, 2013.
  11. ^ "Buenos Aires February 25 - March 9 Official Results". Guadalajara 2011 Official Website. Archived from the original on 23 February 2011. Retrieved 23 February 2021.
  12. ^ "Pan American Games". Dressage Canada. Archived from the original on 31 August 2011. Retrieved 11 July 2011.
  13. ^ a b "Mexico City March 12 – March 26". COPAG. Archived from the original on 23 February 2011. Retrieved 10 July 2011.
  14. ^ "Participating Countries". www.lima2019.pe. Organizing Committee of the Lima 2019 XVIII Pan American Games and Sixth Parapan American Games (COPAL). Archived from the original on 20 June 2018. Retrieved 20 December 2017.
  15. ^ "Beijing to build convenient Olympic village". The Beijing Organizing Committee for the Games of the XXIX Olympiad. Archived from the original on 14 September 2008. Retrieved 11 July 2011.
  16. ^ "Olympic Charter" (PDF). International Olympic Committee. p. 61. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 July 2011. Retrieved 11 July 2011.
  17. ^ a b c d "World, Continental and Intercontinental Games – Overview of Archives content linked to the preparation, organisation and holding of these Games between 1924 and 1989" (PDF). International Olympic Committee. 29 November 2012. p. 8/16. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 4 June 2015.
  18. ^ "Pan American Sports Games". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 3 February 2011. Retrieved 27 June 2011.
  19. ^ "I Junior Pan Am Games: Cali, Monterrey and Santa Ana the Candidates". Around the Rings. 1 February 2019. Archived from the original on 2 February 2019. Retrieved 2 February 2019.
  20. ^ "Panam Sports organizará Panamericanos Júnior y sopesa Panamericanos de Playa" [Panam Sports will organize Pan American Juniors and weigh Pan American Beach]. La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 27 January 2019. Archived from the original on 19 January 2019. Retrieved 29 January 2019.
  21. ^ "Asunción selected to host 2025 Junior Pan American Games". www.insidethegames.biz. 28 November 2022. Archived from the original on 17 April 2023. Retrieved 17 April 2023.
  22. ^ "The Olympic Movement". International Olympic Committee. Archived from the original on 25 September 2009. Retrieved 11 July 2011.
  23. ^ "Sport Program". COPAG (Organizing committee for the 2011 Pan American Games). Archived from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 10 July 2011.
  24. ^ "Pan-American Sports Organization". Flag of the worldwide website. Archived from the original on December 3, 2013. Retrieved March 8, 2014.
  25. ^ COPAG (15 April 2011). "Pan American Spirit to Light up Mexico". Retrieved 16 June 2011.[dead link]
  26. ^ "VI Pan American Games — Cali (Colombia) 1971". QUADRO DE MEDALHAS. Archived from the original on October 5, 2011. Retrieved July 11, 2011.
  27. ^ "The evolution of the Pan American Games mascots throughout its history". 2019 Pan American Games. 18 May 2017. Archived from the original on 24 February 2018. Retrieved 23 February 2018.
  28. ^ "'Milco' was chosen as the official mascot of the XVIII Pan American Games and Sixth Parapan American Games Lima to be held in 2019". 2019 Pan American Games. 26 July 2017. Archived from the original on 24 February 2018. Retrieved 23 February 2018.
  29. ^ a b c "Fact sheet: Opening Ceremony of the Summer Olympic Games" (PDF). International Olympic Committee. February 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 29, 2011. Retrieved July 11, 2011.
  30. ^ "Costará más de 20 mdd inauguración de los JP" (in Spanish). El Occidental. September 4, 2010. Archived from the original on October 11, 2012. Retrieved July 11, 2011.
  31. ^ "Olympic Games — the Medal Ceremonies". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 2 April 2017. Retrieved 11 July 2011.
  32. ^ "Symbols and traditions - Medal ceremony". USA Today. September 12, 1999. Archived from the original on February 23, 2002. Retrieved July 11, 2011.
  33. ^ "Medal Ceremony Hostess Outfits Revealed". China Daily. September 18, 2008. Archived from the original on May 27, 2011. Retrieved July 11, 2011.
  34. ^ Commings, Jeff (19 July 2015). "Thiago Pereira Owns Most Pan Am Games Medals In History". Swimming World. Archived from the original on 24 March 2017. Retrieved 6 February 2016.
  35. ^ "General medals gained (1951–2007)". COPAG. Archived from the original on 4 December 2010. Retrieved 11 July 2011.
  36. ^ "Games-Pan Am Games come to predictable end but face uncertain future". Reuters. Retrieved 6 November 2023.
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