A pan trap is a type of insect trap used to sample the abundance and diversity of insects, primarily used to capture small Hymenoptera.[1] Pan traps are typically constructed with a bowl with shallow sides filled with water and soap or a preservative and killing agent. Yellow is the most commonly used color,[2] but other colors including blue, white, and red are used to target different insect species.[3]
Trap construction
editA pan trap consists of a shallow bowl, typically made of colored plastic, filled with soapy water, salt, propylene glycol, antifreeze, or combinations of other preservatives and killing agents. Salt and propylene glycol are sometimes included as preservatives or to reduce evaporative water loss. Insects fly into the soapy water and are unable to escape and are preserved in the water for research usage. Some traps have been mounted on trees to sample the communities of parasitoid wasps of the invasive beetle, Emerald ash borer.[4]
Colors
editThe color of pan traps attracts diverse groups of flying insects. Some pollinators confuse the traps with natural flowers, causing the capture of flying pollinator species, including bees.[5] Some studies have suggested that bee species are more attracted and likely to be captured in blue or white pans compared to yellow pans.[3][6] However, yellow and white pan traps consistently collect the largest number of species.[7][8]
References
edit- ^ Nancy D. Epsky; Wendell L. Morrill; Richard W. Mankin (2008). "Traps for Capturing Insects" (PDF). In Capinera, John L. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Entomology. Dordrecht: Springer. pp. 3887–3901. ISBN 978-1-4020-6242-1.
- ^ Southwood, Richard, Sir (1988). Ecological Methods: With Particular Reference to the Study of Insect Populations (2 ed.). Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. ISBN 978-94-009-1225-0.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b Buffington, Matthew L.; Garretson, Alexis; Kula, Robert R.; Gates, Michael W.; Carpenter, Ryan; Smith, David R.; Kula, Abigail A. R. (2021). "Pan trap color preference across Hymenoptera in a forest clearing". Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata. 169 (3): 298–311. doi:10.1111/eea.13008. ISSN 1570-7458. S2CID 231929465.
- ^ Bauer, Leah; Hansen, Jason; Gould, Juli (2014). "Yellow Pan Traps: A Simple Method for Trapping Parasitoids Released for Biological Control of the Emerald Ash Borer" (PDF).
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ Westerberg, Lars; Berglund, Hilda‐Linn; Jonason, Dennis; Milberg, Per (15 March 2021). "Color pan traps often catch less when there are more flowers around". Ecology and Evolution. 11 (9): 3830–3840. doi:10.1002/ece3.7252. PMC 8093746. PMID 33976778.
- ^ Moreira, Eduardo Freitas; Santos, Rafaela Lorena da Silva; Penna, Uiré Lopes; Angel-Coca, Catalina; de Oliveira, Favízia Freitas; Viana, Blandina Felipe (20 July 2016). "Are pan traps colors complementary to sample community of potential pollinator insects?". Journal of Insect Conservation. 20 (4): 583–596. doi:10.1007/s10841-016-9890-x. S2CID 16596068.
- ^ Vrdoljak, Sven M.; Samways, Michael J. (1 June 2012). "Optimising coloured pan traps to survey flower visiting insects". Journal of Insect Conservation. 16 (3): 345–354. doi:10.1007/s10841-011-9420-9. S2CID 16104513.
- ^ Shimoda, Masami; Honda, Ken-ichiro (November 2013). "Insect reactions to light and its applications to pest management". Applied Entomology and Zoology. 48 (4): 413–421. doi:10.1007/s13355-013-0219-x. S2CID 15295724.