Pauline Nyiramasuhuko (born 1 April 1946) is a Rwandan politician who was the Minister for Family Welfare and the Advancement of Women. She was convicted of having incited troops and militia to carry out rape during the Rwandan genocide of 1994. She was tried for genocide and incitement to rape as part of the "Butare Group" at the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) in Arusha, Tanzania.[2] In June 2011, she was convicted of seven charges and sentenced to life imprisonment. Nyiramasuhuko is the first woman to be convicted of genocide by the ICTR,[3][4] and the first woman to be convicted of genocidal rape.[5]
Pauline Nyiramasuhuko | |
|---|---|
| Born | 1 April 1946 |
| Occupation | Politician |
| Political party | National Republican Movement for Democracy and Development |
| Children | Arsene Shalom Ntahobari (son) |
| Conviction(s) | Crime against humanity |
| Criminal penalty | Life imprisonment reduced to 47 years on appeal[1] |
Date apprehended | 1997 |
Early life and career
editPauline Nyiramasuhuko was born in the small farming community of Ndora, in the province of Butare, to a poor Hutu family.[6][7] She attended high school at the Ecole sociale de Karubanda.[8] There, she became friends with Agathe Habyarimana, the future wife of Juvénal Habyarimana, who became President of Rwanda in 1973.[6]
Nyiramasuhuko trained and worked as a social worker.[8] In 1968 she married Maurice Ntahobali, with whom she had four children.[6][8] One of their children, Arsène Shalom Ntahobali, would later be sentenced by the ICTR for a role in the genocide.[9] Nyiramasuhuko worked for the government's Ministry for Social Affairs, educating women about health and childcare.[6] In 1986, she attended the National University of Rwanda to study law.[8] She was Minister for Family Welfare and the Advancement of Women in Habyarimana's government from 1992.[6][10]
Background of attack
editThe Rwandan genocide started on 7 April 1994, immediately following Habyarimana's assassination. Armed Hutus were deployed throughout the countryside. They set up check points to cull fleeing Tutsis from the rest of the evacuating crowds. Hutus who refused to participate in the genocide were attacked.[11][12][13] At night, the residents of Butare watched the firelight from the hills in the west, and could hear gunfire from nearby villages. When armed Hutus gathered at the edges of Butare, citizens of Butare defended its borders.[14]
In response to the revolt, the interim government of Rwanda sent Pauline Nyiramasuhuko from Kigali, the capital, to intervene in her home town of Butare. She ordered the governor Jean-Baptiste Habyalimana to organize the killings. When he refused, he was killed, and Nyiramasuhuko called in militias from Kigali.[15]
On 25 April 1994, thousands of Tutsis gathered at the stadium where the Red Cross was providing food and shelter. Nyiramasuhuko is said to have orchestrated a trap in the stadium.[6] The Hutu paramilitary group Interahamwe, led by Arsène Shalom Ntahobali, Pauline's 24-year-old son, surrounded the stadium. Refugees were raped, tortured, killed, and their bodies were burned.[16][17] Nyiramasuhuko allegedly told militiamen, "before you kill the women, you need to rape them".[16] In another incident, she ordered her men to take cans of gasoline from her car and use them to burn a group of women to death, leaving a surviving rape victim as a witness.[14]
She left Rwanda in 1994 following the Genocide and went to Zaire.[18][19] She was arrested in 1997 in Nairobi, Kenya, along with her son, Arsène Shalom Ntahobali, the former Prime Minister Jean Kambanda, and eight others.[3][10] Her son had been running a grocery store in Nairobi. Her daughter-in-law, Beatrice Munyenyezi, fraudulently obtained political asylum in America the following year. She was sentenced to ten years in the US in 2013 for her perjury relating to her denial of involvement in genocide.[20][21]
Trial
editNyiramasuhuko was tried at the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) from 2001 to 2011. She was the first woman to be brought to trial by an international tribunal. She was indicted 9 August 1999, on the charges of conspiracy to commit genocide, genocide, complicity in genocide, direct and public incitement to commit genocide, crimes against humanity, and violations of Article 3 common to the Geneva Conventions and additional protocol 3.[22] She pleaded not guilty to all charges.[23] Nyiramasuhuko stood trial before Trial Chamber II with five others as part of the "Butare Trial" which, at its start in 2001, included the highest number of defendants to be tried jointly in relation to the Rwandan Genocide.[24] Her son, Arsène Shalom Ntahobali, was one of the co-defendants and was accused of having led Interahamwe forces. Closing arguments for the Butare case were heard 1 May 2009.[23] According to prosecutor Holo Makwaia, Nyiramasuhuko had intended to "destroy in whole or in part the Tutsi ethnic group in Butare".[3]
On 24 June 2011, Nyiramasuhuko was found guilty of seven charges including genocide and incitement to rape;[3] she was sentenced to life imprisonment and will not be eligible to apply for parole for 25 years.[25] She was acquitted of three further charges.[3] Although other women have been convicted of genocide by Rwandan courts, Nyiramasuhuko is the first woman to be convicted by the ICTR.[19] Her son was also convicted and sentenced to life with no possibility of parole; four other officials on trial received 25-year sentences.[19]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "Pauline Nyiramasuhuko – TRIAL International". Archived from the original on 5 July 2016.
- ^ "Cases in Progress (16)", unictr.org, International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, retrieved 24 June 2011
- ^ a b c d e "First Woman to be Charged with Genocide Sentenced to Life in Prison", The Daily Telegraph, London, UK, 24 June 2011, retrieved 24 June 2011
- ^ Baldauf, Scott ( 24 June 2011). "Former Rwandan minister given life sentence for genocide crimes". The Christian Science Monitor
- ^ Fielding, Leila (2012). Female Génocidaires: What was the Nature and Motivations for Hutu Female. GRIN Verlag. ISBN 978-3656324409.
- ^ a b c d e f Landesman, Peter (15 September 2002), "A Woman's Work", The New York Times, retrieved 24 June 2011
- ^ Sjoberg & Gentry, p. 160
- ^ a b c d "Daughter Profiles Pauline Nyiramasuhuko", Radio Netherlands Worldwide, 21 February 2005, archived from the original on 30 December 2010, retrieved 24 June 2011
- ^ TRIAL International: Arsene Shalom Ntahobali, Retrieved 22 December 2017.
- ^ a b U.N. Tribunal Seizes Rwandans on Genocide Charges, CNN, 18 June 1997, retrieved 24 June 2011
- ^ Polgreen, Lydia (18 December 2008). "Rwandan Officer Found Guilty of 1994 Genocide". The New York Times. NY, USA. Retrieved 19 December 2008.
- ^ Chhatbar, Sukhdev (18 December 2008). "Planner of Rwandan massacres convicted of genocide". Daily News. New York. Associated Press. Retrieved 22 December 2017.
- ^ Nyakuiru, Frank (18 December 2008). "Rwanda's Bagosora sentenced to life for genocide". Reuters. Retrieved 19 December 2008.
- ^ a b Landesman, Peter (15 September 1992). "A Woman's Work". The New York Times Magazine..
- ^ "Profile: Female Rwandan killer Pauline Nyiramasuhuko; Africa". BBC. 24 June 2011.
- ^ a b Zimbardo, p. 13
- ^ Harman, Danna (7 March 2003), "A Woman on Trial for Rwanda's Massacre", The Christian Science Monitor, retrieved 24 June 2011
- ^ Sjoberg & Gentry, p. 163
- ^ a b c Rwanda: Ex-women's Minister Guilty of Genocide, Rape, BBC News, 24 June 2011, retrieved 24 June 2011
- ^ Rwandan woman stripped of US citizenship after lying about genocide, February 2013, The Guardian, Retrieved 1 March 2016
- ^ U.S. Bureau of Prisons, website profile of Beatrice Munyenyezi; BOP# 11805-049; projected/actual release date: January 18, 2020
- ^ "Amended Indictment" (PDF), unictr.org, International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, archived from the original (PDF) on 21 November 2011, retrieved 24 June 2011
- ^ a b "Closing Arguments in "Butare" Case", unictr.org, International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, 4 May 2009, retrieved 24 June 2011
- ^ Chhatbar, Sukhdev (11 June 2001), "ICTR 'Butare Trial' Starts, Adjourned Until Tomorrow", AllAfrica.com, retrieved 24 June 2011
- ^ CNN Wire Staff (24 June 2011), Ex-Rwanda Minister Jailed for Life on Genocide and Rape Counts, CNN, retrieved 24 June 2011
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Bibliography
edit- Sjoberg, Laura; Gentry, Caron E. (2007), Mothers, Monsters, Whores: Women's Violence in Global Politics, Zed Books, ISBN 978-1-84277-866-1
- Zimbardo, Philip G. (2008), The Lucifer Effect: Understanding How Good People Turn Evil, Random House Trade Paperbacks, ISBN 978-0-8129-7444-7